refactor(i18n): 移除 chrome.i18n 国际化，统一使用中文硬编码

移除 chromeI18n 工具、_locales 翻译文件和 manifest default_locale 配置，将所有 UI 文案改为直接硬编码中文，并更新相关测试与文档。
2026-06-18 14:22:14 +00:00
parent 618f3c36f2
commit ec92afa294
68 changed files with 531 additions and 2148 deletions
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-# i18n 开发指南
-
-## 概述
-
-项目使用 Chrome 扩展标准的 `chrome.i18n` API 进行本地化，通过 `src/utils/chromeI18n.ts` 提供类型安全的 React Hook 包装。
-
-## 配置
-
- **翻译文件**: `public/_locales/{zh_CN,en}/messages.json`（Chrome 扩展标准格式）
- **默认语言**: `zh_CN`（在 `wxt.config.ts` 的 `manifest.default_locale` 中配置）
-
-## 使用方式
-
-```typescript
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
-```
-
-## 翻译键格式
-
- **直接 key**: `t('dashboard_title')` → 查找 `dashboard_title`
- **命名空间格式（兼容旧用法）**: `t('common:buttons.search')` → 查找 `common_buttons_search`
- **带命名空间参数**: `useI18n(['common', 'features'])`，会自动尝试 `common_key`、`features_key`
-
-## 占位符支持
-
-```typescript
-t('router_notFoundDescription', { entryPointType: 'popup' });
-```
-
-## Hook 返回值
-
-```typescript
-{ t, i18n: { language, changeLanguage }, isLoaded }
-```
-
-## 回退策略
-
-当翻译 key 未命中时，返回 key 本身（开发模式下在控制台记录 warning）
-
-## 限制
-
-`chrome.i18n` 无法动态切换语言，语言跟随浏览器设置，切换后需刷新页面
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ src/pages/FeatureName/

 - 页面入口组件统一命名为 `Index`，通过 `export default function Index()` 导出
 - Hook 负责所有状态管理和业务逻辑，通过返回值暴露给页面
- 子组件可以独立调用 `useI18n` 等全局 Hook
+- 子组件可以独立调用全局 Hook
 - 当 `index.tsx` 超过 150 行时，必须拆分为 UI + Hook 模式
 - 复杂页面可增加 `contexts/`、`hooks/`、`components/` 子目录

@@ -82,27 +82,21 @@ src/pages/FeatureName/
 - 全局变量: `vitest/globals` (describe, it, expect 等无需导入)
 - Setup 文件: `vitest.setup.ts` 自动 mock:
  - `chrome.*` / `browser.*` API (storage, tabs, runtime, cookies 等)
-  - `@/utils/chromeI18n` (从 `public/_locales/zh_CN/messages.json` 加载真实翻译)
  - `window.matchMedia`
 - 测试文件命名: `__tests__/*.test.{ts,tsx}` 或 `*.test.{ts,tsx}`
 - Mock 模式: 使用 `vi.mock()` 进行模块级 mock，避免在测试文件中重复 mock 代码
 - 测试工具: `@testing-library/react` + `@testing-library/user-event` 进行组件测试

-## i18n (chrome.i18n)
-
-详见 [i18n 开发指南](./.github/I18N.md)
-
 ## 新功能开发清单

 1. 在 `src/types/storage.d.ts` 添加 `PageType` 联合类型
 2. 在 `src/config/features.tsx` 的 `FEATURES` 数组添加配置（指定 key、翻译键、图标、三种渲染模式的组件）
 3. 在 `src/pages/` 创建页面组件 (懒加载)：
-   - `index.tsx` — UI 组件，使用 `useI18n` 获取翻译
+   - `index.tsx` — UI 组件
   - `use{FeatureName}.ts` — 业务逻辑 Hook
   - `constants.ts` — 常量（可选）
-4. 在 `public/_locales/zh/messages.json`（及 `en/messages.json`）添加翻译
-5. 如需新权限，更新 `wxt.config.ts` 的 `manifest.permissions`；如有不使用的权限，需移除
-6. 添加对应的单元测试
+4. 如需新权限，更新 `wxt.config.ts` 的 `manifest.permissions`；如有不使用的权限，需移除
+5. 添加对应的单元测试

 ## 代码规范

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { copyTextToClipboard } from '@/utils/clipboard';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { buttonVariants, type ButtonProps } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { toast } from 'sonner';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 interface CopyButtonProps extends Omit<ButtonProps, 'children' | 'onClick'> {
  text: string;
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ export const CopyButton: React.FC<CopyButtonProps> = ({
  className,
  ...props
 }) => {
-  const { t } = useI18n('common');
  const [copied, setCopied] = useState(false);
  const timerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null);

@@ -33,18 +31,18 @@ export const CopyButton: React.FC<CopyButtonProps> = ({
    e.stopPropagation();

    if (!text) {
-      toast.error(t('messages.copyEmpty'));
+      toast.error('无内容可复制');
      return;
    }

    const success = await copyTextToClipboard(text);
    if (success) {
-      toast.success(t('messages.copySuccess'));
+      toast.success('已复制到剪贴板');
      setCopied(true);
      if (timerRef.current) clearTimeout(timerRef.current);
      timerRef.current = setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 1500);
    } else {
-      toast.error(t('messages.copyError'));
+      toast.error('复制失败');
    }
  };

@@ -52,8 +50,8 @@ export const CopyButton: React.FC<CopyButtonProps> = ({
    <button
      type="button"
      onClick={handleCopy}
-      title={tooltip ?? t('buttons.copy')}
-      aria-label={tooltip ?? t('buttons.copy')}
+      title={tooltip ?? '复制'}
+      aria-label={tooltip ?? '复制'}
      className={cn(
        buttonVariants({ variant, size }),
        copied &&
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { Component, ErrorInfo, ReactNode } from 'react';
 import { AlertCircle, RefreshCw } from 'lucide-react';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { getMessage } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 interface Props {
  children: ReactNode;
@@ -44,11 +43,9 @@ class ErrorBoundary extends Component<Props, State> {
            <div className="flex h-16 w-16 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-destructive/10 text-destructive mx-auto mb-4">
              <AlertCircle className="h-8 w-8" />
            </div>
-            <h2 className="text-xl font-extrabold text-destructive mb-2">
-              {getMessage('errorBoundary_title')}
-            </h2>
+            <h2 className="text-xl font-extrabold text-destructive mb-2">糟糕，出了点问题</h2>
            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground mb-6">
-              {getMessage('errorBoundary_description')}
+              应用遇到了一些意外错误。您可以尝试刷新页面或重置应用。
            </p>
            {this.state.error && (
              <div className="mb-6 p-4 rounded-lg bg-zinc-950 dark:bg-zinc-900 text-left max-h-[200px] overflow-auto border border-border/40">
@@ -63,7 +60,7 @@ class ErrorBoundary extends Component<Props, State> {
              className="rounded-lg font-bold shadow-sm"
            >
              <RefreshCw className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-              {getMessage('errorBoundary_refresh')}
+              刷新应用
            </Button>
          </div>
        </div>
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { Component, ErrorInfo, ReactNode } from 'react';
 import { AlertCircle, RefreshCw } from 'lucide-react';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { getMessage } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 interface Props {
  children: ReactNode;
@@ -46,11 +45,9 @@ class PageErrorBoundary extends Component<Props, State> {
              <AlertCircle className="h-6 w-6" />
            </div>

-            <h3 className="text-base font-semibold text-foreground mb-1.5">
-              {getMessage('pageErrorBoundary_title')}
-            </h3>
+            <h3 className="text-base font-semibold text-foreground mb-1.5">该功能运行异常</h3>
            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mb-5">
-              {getMessage('pageErrorBoundary_description')}
+              该页面在加载或渲染时遇到了内部脚本错误。您可以尝试重试，或者通过导航菜单切换到其他工具。
            </p>

            {this.state.error && (
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ class PageErrorBoundary extends Component<Props, State> {
              className="font-medium shadow-sm"
            >
              <RefreshCw className="mr-1.5 h-3.5 w-3.5" />
-              {getMessage('errorBoundary_retry')}
+              重新尝试
            </Button>
          </div>
        </div>
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { FEATURES, getEntryPointType } from '@/config/features';
 import { useRouter } from '@/providers/RouterProvider';
 import { Suspense } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import PageErrorBoundary from '@/components/PageErrorBoundary';
 import PageSkeleton from '@/components/PageSkeleton';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ const entryPointType = getEntryPointType();

 export default function RouterContainer() {
  const { currentPage, isLoaded } = useRouter();
-  const { t } = useI18n('common');

  const animationClass =
    currentPage === 'dashboard' ? 'page-transition-dashboard' : 'page-transition-enter';
@@ -43,9 +41,9 @@ export default function RouterContainer() {
              <div className="flex h-12 w-12 items-center justify-center rounded-xl bg-destructive/10 text-destructive mb-4">
                <AlertTriangle className="h-6 w-6" />
              </div>
-              <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{t('router.notFound')}</h3>
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-semibold text-foreground">{'页面未找到'}</h3>
              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-1 max-w-[240px]">
-                {t('router.notFoundDescription', { entryPointType })}
+                {`该功能在当前运行环境（${entryPointType}）下不可用或已被移除。`}
              </p>
            </div>
          )}
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import React, { forwardRef, useCallback, useImperativeHandle, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { X } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { toast } from 'sonner'; // 推荐使用 shadcn 的默认 Toast
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
@@ -114,8 +113,7 @@ const TextInputArea = forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement, TextInputAreaProps>((props
  const [internalValue, setInternalValue] = useState(defaultValue);
  const [error, setError] = useState<string>('');

-  const { t } = useI18n('common');
-  const placeholder = placeholderProp ?? t('textInputArea.placeholder');
+  const placeholder = placeholderProp ?? '请输入文本';

  const isControlled = controlledValue !== undefined;
  const value = isControlled ? controlledValue : internalValue;
@@ -159,7 +157,7 @@ const TextInputArea = forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement, TextInputAreaProps>((props
  const handleChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLTextAreaElement>) => {
    const newVal = e.target.value;
    if (maxLength && newVal.length > maxLength) {
-      const msg = t('charCount', { count: maxLength });
+      const msg = `内容不能超过 ${maxLength} 个字符`;
      setError(msg);
      toast.warning(msg);
      return;
@@ -181,9 +179,9 @@ const TextInputArea = forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement, TextInputAreaProps>((props
    onChange?.('');
    setError('');
    internalRef.current?.focus();
-    toast.success(t('textInputArea.cleared'));
+    toast.success('已清空');
    onClear?.();
-  }, [isControlled, onChange, onClear, t]);
+  }, [isControlled, onChange, onClear]);

  const handleAction = useCallback(
    (action: ToolbarAction) => {
@@ -272,18 +270,13 @@ const TextInputArea = forwardRef<HTMLTextAreaElement, TextInputAreaProps>((props
            {/* 右侧系统按钮组 */}
            <div className="flex items-center gap-1.5 ml-auto shrink-0">
              {allowCopy && value && (
-                <CopyButton
-                  text={value}
-                  tooltip={t('textInputArea.copyContent')}
-                  size="sm"
-                  className="h-7 w-7 p-1"
-                />
+                <CopyButton text={value} tooltip={'复制内容'} size="sm" className="h-7 w-7 p-1" />
              )}
              {showClear && value && !disabled && !readOnly && (
                <button
                  type="button"
                  onClick={handleClear}
-                  aria-label={t('textInputArea.clear')}
+                  aria-label={'清空'}
                  className="p-1 h-7 w-7 flex items-center justify-center rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive hover:bg-destructive/10 transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-ring"
                >
                  <X className="h-4 w-4" />
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import { useThemeMode } from '@/providers/ThemeModeProvider';
 import { FeatureConfig, FEATURES } from '@/config/features';
 import { storageUtil } from '@/utils/chromeStorage';
 import { openExtensionPage } from '@/utils/chromeTabs';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 const SEARCH_HISTORY_LIMIT = 10;
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ const SEARCH_HISTORY_DISPLAY = 5;
 export default function TopBar() {
  const { currentPage, goBack, navigateTo } = useRouter();
  const { mode, setMode } = useThemeMode();
-  const { t } = useI18n(['common', 'features']);

  const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('');
  const [showResults, setShowResults] = useState(false);
@@ -66,12 +64,9 @@ export default function TopBar() {
    if (!query) return [];
    return FEATURES.filter((f) => {
      if (f.key === 'dashboard') return false;
-      return (
-        t(f.labelKey).toLowerCase().includes(query) ||
-        t(f.descriptionKey).toLowerCase().includes(query)
-      );
+      return f.label.toLowerCase().includes(query) || f.description.toLowerCase().includes(query);
    });
-  }, [searchQuery, t]);
+  }, [searchQuery]);

  const displayedHistory = useMemo(() => {
    if (searchQuery.trim()) return [];
@@ -144,7 +139,7 @@ export default function TopBar() {
          <button
            type="button"
            onClick={goBack}
-            aria-label={t('common_buttons_back')}
+            aria-label={'返回'}
            className="flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-input bg-background text-muted-foreground shadow-sm transition-colors hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground"
          >
            <ArrowLeft className="h-4 w-4" />
@@ -159,7 +154,7 @@ export default function TopBar() {
          <input
            ref={inputRef}
            type="text"
-            placeholder={t('common_buttons_search')}
+            placeholder={'搜索工具...'}
            value={searchQuery}
            onChange={(e) => {
              setSearchQuery(e.target.value);
@@ -168,7 +163,7 @@ export default function TopBar() {
            }}
            onFocus={() => setShowResults(true)}
            onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
-            aria-label={t('common_buttons_search')}
+            aria-label={'搜索工具...'}
            className="w-full h-9 pl-9 pr-16 text-sm rounded-lg border border-border/60 bg-muted/40 transition-all placeholder:text-muted-foreground/50 focus:bg-background focus:outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-ring focus:border-input"
          />
          {!searchQuery && (
@@ -183,7 +178,7 @@ export default function TopBar() {
                setSearchQuery('');
                setSelectedIndex(-1);
              }}
-              aria-label={t('common:buttons.clearSearch')}
+              aria-label={'清除搜索'}
              className="absolute right-2 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 p-1 rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground transition-colors"
            >
              <X className="h-3 w-3" />
@@ -219,24 +214,22 @@ export default function TopBar() {
                        {feature.icon && <feature.icon className="h-4 w-4" />}
                      </div>
                      <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
-                        <p className="font-medium text-foreground truncate">
-                          {t(feature.labelKey)}
-                        </p>
+                        <p className="font-medium text-foreground truncate">{feature.label}</p>
                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate mt-0.5">
-                          {t(feature.descriptionKey)}
+                          {feature.description}
                        </p>
                      </div>
                    </li>
                  ))
                ) : (
                  <li className="px-4 py-6 text-center text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                    {t('common:buttons.noResults')}
+                    {'未找到相关工具'}
                  </li>
                )
              ) : (
                <>
                  <div className="px-3 py-1.5 text-[11px] font-semibold tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/60 uppercase">
-                    {t('common:buttons.recentSearch')}
+                    {'最近搜索'}
                  </div>
                  {displayedHistory.map((item, index) => (
                    <li
@@ -261,10 +254,10 @@ export default function TopBar() {
                      </div>
                      <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
                        <p className="font-medium text-foreground truncate">
-                          {item.feature && t(item.feature.labelKey)}
+                          {item.feature?.label}
                        </p>
                        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground truncate mt-0.5">
-                          {item.feature && t(item.feature.descriptionKey)}
+                          {item.feature?.description}
                        </p>
                      </div>
                    </li>
@@ -278,10 +271,19 @@ export default function TopBar() {

      {/* 右侧：操作区 */}
      <div className="flex items-center gap-1 shrink-0">
-        <IconButton onClick={cycleThemeMode} title={t(`common:buttons.themeMode.${mode}`)}>
+        <IconButton
+          onClick={cycleThemeMode}
+          title={
+            mode === 'light'
+              ? '切换到深色模式'
+              : mode === 'dark'
+                ? '切换到系统模式'
+                : '切换到浅色模式'
+          }
+        >
          <ThemeIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
        </IconButton>
-        <IconButton onClick={handleOpenInTab} title={t('common:buttons.openInTab')}>
+        <IconButton onClick={handleOpenInTab} title={'在标签页打开'}>
          <ExternalLink className="h-4 w-4" />
        </IconButton>
      </div>
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {

    it('默认显示清空按钮', () => {
      render(<TextInputArea value="有内容" onChange={() => {}} />);
-      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '清空' })).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('无内容时清空按钮应隐藏', () => {
      render(<TextInputArea value="" onChange={() => {}} />);
-      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: '清空' })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('disabled 时清空按钮应隐藏', () => {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
      const handleChange = vi.fn();
      render(<TextInputArea value="内容" onChange={handleChange} />);

-      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' }));
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '清空' }));

      expect(handleChange).toHaveBeenCalledWith('');
    });
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
    it('清空按钮应清空内容', () => {
      render(<TextInputArea defaultValue="内容" />);

-      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' }));
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '清空' }));

      expect(screen.getByRole('textbox')).toHaveValue('');
    });
@@ -90,14 +90,12 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
  describe('allowCopy 复制功能', () => {
    it('allowCopy 且有内容时显示复制按钮', () => {
      render(<TextInputArea value="可复制的内容" onChange={() => {}} allowCopy />);
-      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.copyContent' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '复制内容' })).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('allowCopy 但无内容时隐藏复制按钮', () => {
      render(<TextInputArea value="" onChange={() => {}} allowCopy />);
-      expect(
-        screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.copyContent' }),
-      ).not.toBeInTheDocument();
+      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: '复制内容' })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('allowCopy=false 时不显示复制按钮', () => {
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {

      render(<TextInputArea value="测试" onChange={() => {}} allowCopy />);

-      await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.copyContent' }));
+      await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '复制内容' }));

      expect(writeTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('测试');
    });
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {

      render(<TextInputArea value="测试" onChange={() => {}} allowCopy />);

-      await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.copyContent' }));
+      await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '复制内容' }));

      expect(writeTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('测试');
    });
@@ -158,6 +156,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
      fireEvent.change(textarea, { target: { value: '123456' } });

      expect(handleChange).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('123456');
+      expect(screen.getByText('内容不能超过 5 个字符')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

    it('未超出 maxLength 的输入应正常触发', () => {
@@ -370,7 +369,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
      const writeTextSpy = vi.spyOn(navigator.clipboard, 'writeText').mockResolvedValue(undefined);

      render(<TextInputArea value="测试" onChange={() => {}} allowCopy />);
-      await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.copyContent' }));
+      await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '复制内容' }));

      expect(writeTextSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('测试');
    });
@@ -381,7 +380,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
      const handleClear = vi.fn();
      render(<TextInputArea value="内容" onChange={() => {}} onClear={handleClear} />);

-      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' }));
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '清空' }));

      expect(handleClear).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
    });
@@ -389,7 +388,7 @@ describe('TextInputArea 组件', () => {
    it('不传 onClear 时清空按钮应正常工作', () => {
      render(<TextInputArea defaultValue="内容" />);

-      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' }));
+      fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '清空' }));

      expect(screen.getByRole('textbox')).toHaveValue('');
    });
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ describe('features', () => {
    it('should have all required properties for each feature', () => {
      FEATURES.forEach((feature) => {
        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('key');
-        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('labelKey');
-        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('descriptionKey');
+        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('label');
+        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('description');
        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('defaultVisible');
        expect(feature).toHaveProperty('components');
        expect(typeof feature.key).toBe('string');
-        expect(typeof feature.labelKey).toBe('string');
-        expect(typeof feature.descriptionKey).toBe('string');
+        expect(typeof feature.label).toBe('string');
+        expect(typeof feature.description).toBe('string');
        expect(typeof feature.defaultVisible).toBe('boolean');
        expect(typeof feature.components).toBe('object');
        expect(feature.components).toHaveProperty('popup');
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ describe('features', () => {
      const feature = getFeatureByKey('dashboard');
      expect(feature).toBeDefined();
      expect(feature?.key).toBe('dashboard');
-      expect(feature?.labelKey).toBe('dashboard_title');
+      expect(feature?.label).toBe('仪表盘');
    });

    it('should return timestamp feature', () => {
      const feature = getFeatureByKey('timestamp');
      expect(feature).toBeDefined();
      expect(feature?.key).toBe('timestamp');
-      expect(feature?.labelKey).toBe('timestamp_title');
+      expect(feature?.label).toBe('时间戳');
      expect(feature?.themeColorKey).toBeDefined();
    });

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ describe('features', () => {
      const feature = getFeatureByKey('storageCleaner');
      expect(feature).toBeDefined();
      expect(feature?.key).toBe('storageCleaner');
-      expect(feature?.labelKey).toBe('storageCleaner_title');
+      expect(feature?.label).toBe('存储清理');
    });

    it('should return undefined for invalid key', () => {
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ const TestDataGeneratorPage = lazy(() => import('@/pages/TestDataGenerator'));

 export interface FeatureConfig {
  key: PageType;
-  labelKey: string;
-  descriptionKey: string;
+  label: string;
+  description: string;
  themeColorKey?: PaletteColorKey;
  icon?: ComponentType<LucideProps>;
  defaultVisible: boolean;
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ export interface FeatureConfig {
 export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  {
    key: 'dashboard',
-    labelKey: 'dashboard_title',
-    descriptionKey: '',
+    label: '仪表盘',
+    description: '',
    defaultVisible: true,
    components: {
      popup: DashboardPage,
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'timestamp',
-    labelKey: 'timestamp_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'timestamp_description',
+    label: '时间戳',
+    description: 'Unix 毫秒数转换与格式化',
    themeColorKey: 'primary',
    icon: Clock,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'storageCleaner',
-    labelKey: 'storageCleaner_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'storageCleaner_description',
+    label: '存储清理',
+    description: '清理缓存、Cookies 及本地存储',
    themeColorKey: 'warning',
    icon: Database,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'qrCode',
-    labelKey: 'qrCode_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'qrCode_description',
+    label: '二维码工具',
+    description: '生成当前选中的 URL 的二维码',
    themeColorKey: 'success',
    icon: QrCode,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'textStatistics',
-    labelKey: 'textStatistics_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'textStatistics_description',
+    label: '文本统计',
+    description: '实时分析文本字符、单词及字节',
    themeColorKey: 'secondary',
    icon: FileText,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'jwt',
-    labelKey: 'jwt_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'jwt_description',
+    label: 'JWT 解析',
+    description: 'JSON Web Token 解码与查看',
    themeColorKey: 'info',
    icon: Key,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'jsonDiff',
-    labelKey: 'jsonDiff_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'jsonDiff_description',
+    label: 'JSON 工具',
+    description: '差异比较、格式化、YAML/TOML 转换及压缩',
    themeColorKey: 'primary',
    icon: GitCompareArrows,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'base64Converter',
-    labelKey: 'base64Converter_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'base64Converter_description',
+    label: 'Base64 转换器',
+    description: '文本、文件与图像的 Base64 编码转换',
    themeColorKey: 'info',
    icon: ArrowLeftRight,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'rightClickRestorer',
-    labelKey: 'rightClickRestorer_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'rightClickRestorer_description',
+    label: '右键恢复',
+    description: '检测并恢复被网站禁用的浏览器右键菜单',
    themeColorKey: 'success',
    icon: MousePointerClick,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ export const FEATURES: FeatureConfig[] = [
  },
  {
    key: 'testDataGenerator',
-    labelKey: 'testDataGenerator_title',
-    descriptionKey: 'testDataGenerator_description',
+    label: '测试数据生成器',
+    description: '自定义规则批量生成测试数据',
    themeColorKey: 'warning',
    icon: FileSpreadsheet,
    defaultVisible: true,
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import type { ContextMenuClickedPayload } from '@/utils/messages';
 import { MessageAction, onMessage } from '@/utils/messages';
 import { getTextStats } from '@/utils/textStatistics';
-import { getMessage } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { hidePopover, showTextStatsResult, showTimestampResult } from './uiPopover';

 function convertTimestamp(input: string): string {
-  const invalidText = getMessage('invalidTimestamp') || 'Invalid Timestamp';
+  const invalidText = '无效时间戳';
  const num = Number(input.trim());

  if (isNaN(num)) {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ describe('TextMode', () => {
    });

    await waitFor(() => {
-      expect(screen.getByText('Base64 字符串无效')).toBeInTheDocument();
+      expect(screen.getByText('无效的 Base64 字符串')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });
  });

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ describe('TextMode', () => {
      expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'SGVsbG8=' })).toBeInTheDocument();
    });

-    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'textInputArea.clear' }));
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '清空' }));

    await waitFor(() => {
      expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: 'SGVsbG8=' })).not.toBeInTheDocument();
@@ -182,9 +182,7 @@ describe('TextMode', () => {
    });

    await waitFor(() => {
-      expect(
-        screen.getByText('输入似乎是二进制数据（如图片）。请切换到「图像」选项卡。'),
-      ).toBeInTheDocument();
+      expect(screen.getByText('检测到二进制数据（如图像），请使用图像选项卡')).toBeInTheDocument();
    });
  });
 });
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import { Image as ImageIcon, Trash2, Upload } from 'lucide-react';
 import TextInputArea from '@/components/TextInputArea';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
 import DecodeResultPaper from './DecodeResultPaper';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
@@ -20,8 +19,6 @@ interface Base64ConverterSectionProps {
 }

 export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('base64Converter');
-
  const [direction, setDirection] = useStorageState(
    `base64Converter/${mode}Mode/direction`,
    'encode',
@@ -44,7 +41,6 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
    setCustomFileName,
    resetAll,
    safeFileSelect,
-    maxFileSizeStr,
  } = useBase64Converter({ mode });

  const handleDirectionChange = (next: Base64ConvertDirection) => {
@@ -63,8 +59,8 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
        <SwitchButtonGroup
          value={direction}
          options={[
-            { value: 'encode', label: t('encode') },
-            { value: 'decode', label: t('decode') },
+            { value: 'encode', label: '编码' },
+            { value: 'decode', label: '解码' },
          ]}
          onChange={handleDirectionChange}
          size="small"
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
                  {formatBytes(info.size)} · {info.type}
                </span>
                <span className="text-[11px] font-medium text-primary/80 mt-1">
-                  {t('clickOrDropToReplace')}
+                  {'点击或拖拽以替换文件'}
                </span>
              </div>
            ) : (
@@ -137,14 +133,14 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
                  <Upload className="w-8 h-8 text-muted-foreground/60" />
                )}
                <span className="text-xs font-bold text-foreground/80">
-                  {mode === 'image' ? t('clickOrDropToImage') : t('clickOrDropToFile')}
+                  {mode === 'image' ? '点击或拖拽图像到此处' : '点击或拖拽文件到此处'}
                </span>
                <span className="text-[10px] font-medium text-muted-foreground/60">
-                  {t('maxFileSize', { max: maxFileSizeStr })}
+                  {'最大文件大小：{{max}}'}
                </span>
                {mode === 'image' && (
                  <span className="text-[10px] font-medium text-muted-foreground/50">
-                    {t('supportedFormats')}
+                    {'支持 PNG、JPG、WEBP、GIF、BMP、SVG 等格式'}
                  </span>
                )}
              </div>
@@ -161,17 +157,17 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
            <div className="p-4 rounded-2xl bg-card border border-border shadow-sm flex flex-col space-y-3">
              <div className="flex justify-between items-center select-none">
                <span className="text-[10px] font-bold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/90">
-                  {t('base64Output')}
+                  {'Base64 编码结果'}
                </span>
                <div className="flex gap-2">
                  <CopyButton
                    text={result.rawBase64}
-                    tooltip={t('copyRaw')}
+                    tooltip={'复制纯 Base64'}
                    className="h-6 px-2 rounded-md border text-[10px] font-bold"
                  />
                  <CopyButton
                    text={result.output}
-                    tooltip={t('copyDataUri')}
+                    tooltip={'复制 Data URI'}
                    className="h-6 px-2 rounded-md border text-[10px] font-bold"
                  />
                </div>
@@ -189,14 +185,14 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
              <div className="flex items-center justify-between font-mono text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/70 select-none pt-1">
                <div className="flex gap-4 items-center tabular-nums">
                  <span>
-                    {t('originalSize')}:{' '}
+                    {'原始大小'}:{' '}
                    <span className="font-semibold text-foreground/80">
                      {formatBytes(result.originalBytes)}
                    </span>
                  </span>
                  <span className="text-border/60">|</span>
                  <span>
-                    {t('encodedSize')}:{' '}
+                    {'编码大小'}:{' '}
                    <span className="font-semibold text-foreground/80">
                      {formatBytes(result.outputBytes)}
                    </span>
@@ -209,7 +205,7 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
                  className="h-7 rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:text-destructive text-[11px] gap-1 px-2"
                >
                  <Trash2 className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
-                  {t('clear')}
+                  {'清空'}
                </Button>
              </div>
            </div>
@@ -218,7 +214,7 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
      ) : (
        <div className="flex flex-col space-y-4">
          <TextInputArea
-            placeholder={t('decodeBase64Placeholder')}
+            placeholder={'输入需要解码的 Base64 或 data URI...'}
            value={decodeInput}
            onChange={setDecodeInput}
            externalError={decodeError || undefined}
@@ -229,7 +225,7 @@ export default function Base64ConverterSection({ mode }: Base64ConverterSectionP
          />
          {decoded && (
            <DecodeResultPaper
-              title={mode === 'image' ? t('decodedImageOutput') : t('decodedFileOutput')}
+              title={mode === 'image' ? '解码图像' : '解码文件'}
              mimeType={decoded.mimeType}
              blobSize={decoded.blob.size}
              fileName={decodedFileName}
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
 import { formatBytes } from '@/utils/format';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 interface DecodeResultPaperProps {
  /** 标题文案，由调用方传入 i18n key 对应的值（如 decodedFileOutput / decodedImageOutput） */
@@ -40,8 +39,6 @@ export default function DecodeResultPaper({
  onDownload,
  children,
 }: DecodeResultPaperProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('base64Converter');
-
  return (
    <div className="p-4 rounded-xl bg-primary/10 border border-primary/30">
      {/* 标题 */}
@@ -53,17 +50,17 @@ export default function DecodeResultPaper({
      {/* 文件信息 */}
      <div className="flex gap-4 mb-3">
        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          {t('inferredMimeType')}: {mimeType}
+          {'推断的 MIME 类型'}: {mimeType}
        </span>
        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-          {t('decodedSize')}: {formatBytes(blobSize)}
+          {'解码大小'}: {formatBytes(blobSize)}
        </span>
      </div>

      {/* 文件名输入 */}
      <div className="mb-3">
        <Label className="block text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">
-          {t('decodedFileName')}
+          {'解码后文件名'}
        </Label>
        <Input value={fileName} onChange={(e) => onFileNameChange(e.target.value)} />
      </div>
@@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ export default function DecodeResultPaper({
        className="w-full rounded-lg font-bold"
      >
        <Download className="mr-2 h-4 w-4" />
-        {t('download')}
+        {'下载'}
      </Button>
    </div>
  );
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ export default function TextMode({ onSwitchToImageMode }: TextModeProps = {}) {
    error,
    showImageHint,
    handleClear,
-    t,
  } = useTextMode();

  return (
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ export default function TextMode({ onSwitchToImageMode }: TextModeProps = {}) {
        <SwitchButtonGroup
          value={direction}
          options={[
-            { value: 'encode', label: t('encode') },
-            { value: 'decode', label: t('decode') },
+            { value: 'encode', label: '编码' },
+            { value: 'decode', label: '解码' },
          ]}
          onChange={handleDirectionChange}
          size="small"
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ export default function TextMode({ onSwitchToImageMode }: TextModeProps = {}) {
      {showImageHint && (
        <div className="flex items-center justify-between p-3.5 rounded-xl bg-primary/10 border border-primary/20">
          <span className="text-xs font-semibold text-primary tracking-tight">
-            {t('imageDataUriHint')}
+            检测到图片的 data URI，请使用「图像」选项卡进行解码。
          </span>
          <Button
            type="button"
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ export default function TextMode({ onSwitchToImageMode }: TextModeProps = {}) {
            onClick={onSwitchToImageMode}
            className="h-7 rounded-md text-xs font-bold text-primary hover:text-primary hover:bg-primary/20 dark:hover:bg-primary/10 px-2.5"
          >
-            {t('switchToImageMode')}
+            切换到图像模式
          </Button>
        </div>
      )}
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { useStorageState } from '@/utils/useStorageState';
 import type { Base64ConverterPageMode } from '@/types/storage';
 import TextMode from './components/TextMode';
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ const isValidPageMode = (val: unknown): val is Base64ConverterPageMode =>
 type PageMode = Base64ConverterPageMode;

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('base64Converter');
  const [pageMode, setPageMode] = useStorageState(
    'base64Converter/pageMode',
    'text',
@@ -24,9 +22,9 @@ export default function Index() {
      <SwitchButtonGroup
        value={pageMode}
        options={[
-          { value: 'text', label: t('base64Converter:textMode') },
-          { value: 'file', label: t('base64Converter:fileMode') },
-          { value: 'image', label: t('base64Converter:imageMode') },
+          { value: 'text', label: '文本' },
+          { value: 'file', label: '文件' },
+          { value: 'image', label: '图像' },
        ]}
        onChange={(value: PageMode) => setPageMode(value)}
        size="small"
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import type { FileToBase64Result } from '@/utils/base64Converter';
 import {
  base64ToBlob,
@@ -21,8 +20,6 @@ interface UseBase64ConverterProps {
 }

 export function useBase64Converter({ mode }: UseBase64ConverterProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('base64Converter');
-
  const [result, setResult] = useState<FileToBase64Result | null>(null);
  const [info, setInfo] = useState<FileInfo | null>(null);
  const [isLoading, setIsLoading] = useState(false);
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ export function useBase64Converter({ mode }: UseBase64ConverterProps) {
      setInfo(null);

      if (!isFileSizeValid(file.size)) {
-        setEncodeError(t('fileSizeExceeded', { max: `${MAX_FILE_SIZE / 1024 / 1024} MB` }));
+        setEncodeError(`文件大小超出限制（最大 ${MAX_FILE_SIZE / 1024 / 1024} MB）`);
        return;
      }

@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ export function useBase64Converter({ mode }: UseBase64ConverterProps) {
        !isSupportedImageType(file.type) &&
        !isSupportedImageExtension(file.name)
      ) {
-        setEncodeError(t('unsupportedImageType'));
+        setEncodeError('不支持的图像格式');
        return;
      }

@@ -87,13 +84,13 @@ export function useBase64Converter({ mode }: UseBase64ConverterProps) {
        if (!cancelRef.current) setResult(res);
      } catch (e) {
        if (!cancelRef.current) {
-          setEncodeError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : t('conversionFailed'));
+          setEncodeError(e instanceof Error ? e.message : '转换失败');
        }
      } finally {
        if (!cancelRef.current) setIsLoading(false);
      }
    },
-    [mode, t],
+    [mode],
  );

  const safeFileSelect = useCallback(
@@ -116,10 +113,10 @@ export function useBase64Converter({ mode }: UseBase64ConverterProps) {
      const message = e instanceof Error ? e.message : '';
      return {
        decoded: null,
-        error: message === 'Invalid Base64 string' ? t('invalidBase64') : t('conversionFailed'),
+        error: message === 'Invalid Base64 string' ? 'Base64 字符串无效' : '转换失败',
      };
    }
-  }, [debouncedDecodeInput, t]);
+  }, [debouncedDecodeInput]);

  const decoded = decodePipeline.decoded;
  const decodeError = decodePipeline.error;
@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { base64ToText, textToBase64 } from '@/utils/base64Converter';
 import { useContextMenuData } from '@/utils/useContextMenuData';

 const IMAGE_DATA_URI_PATTERN = /^\s*data:image\//i;

 const ERROR_MESSAGE_TO_I18N: Record<string, string> = {
-  'Invalid Base64 string': 'invalidBase64',
+  'Invalid Base64 string': '无效的 Base64 字符串',
  'Input appears to be binary data (e.g. an image). Please use the Image tab instead.':
-    'binaryDataDetected',
+    '检测到二进制数据（如图像），请使用图像选项卡',
 };

 export function useTextMode() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('base64Converter');
-
  const [input, setInput] = useState('');
  const [debouncedInput, setDebouncedInput] = useState('');
  const [direction, setDirection] = useState<'encode' | 'decode'>('encode');
@@ -50,17 +47,17 @@ export function useTextMode() {
      const i18nKey = ERROR_MESSAGE_TO_I18N[message];
      return {
        output: '',
-        error: i18nKey ? t(i18nKey) : message || t('conversionFailed'),
+        error: i18nKey || message || '转换失败',
      };
    }
-  }, [debouncedInput, direction, t]);
+  }, [debouncedInput, direction]);

  const output = conversionPipeline.output;
  const error = conversionPipeline.error;

  const placeholder =
-    direction === 'encode' ? t('textInputPlaceholder') : t('base64InputPlaceholder');
-  const outputLabel = direction === 'encode' ? t('base64Output') : t('textOutput');
+    direction === 'encode' ? '输入需要编码为 Base64 的文本...' : '输入需要解码的 Base64 字符串...';
+  const outputLabel = direction === 'encode' ? 'Base64 编码结果' : '解码文本结果';

  const showImageHint = useMemo(
    () => direction === 'decode' && IMAGE_DATA_URI_PATTERN.test(input),
@@ -90,6 +87,5 @@ export function useTextMode() {
    error,
    showImageHint,
    handleClear,
-    t,
  };
 }
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import { useRouter } from '@/providers/RouterProvider';
 import { getFeatureByKey } from '@/config/features';
 import type { PageType } from '@/types/storage';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 export default function Index() {
  const { navigateTo, visiblePages, pageOrder, recentlyUsedTools } = useRouter();
-  const { t } = useI18n(['features']);

  const visibleSet = new Set<string>(visiblePages);

@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ export default function Index() {
      {showRecent && (
        <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
          <h3 className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80 uppercase tracking-wider">
-            {t('dashboard_recentlyUsed')}
+            {'最近使用'}
          </h3>
          <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
            {recentFeatures.map(({ key, feature }) => {
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ export default function Index() {
                  )}
                >
                  <IconComponent className="h-3.5 w-3.5 text-muted-foreground/70" />
-                  {t(feature!.labelKey)}
+                  {feature!.label}
                </button>
              );
            })}
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ export default function Index() {
      {/* 全部工具 — 紧凑 Grid */}
      <div className="flex flex-col gap-2">
        <h3 className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80 uppercase tracking-wider">
-          {t('dashboard_allTools')}
+          {'全部工具'}
        </h3>
        <div className={cn('grid grid-cols-3 sm:grid-cols-4 md:grid-cols-5 lg:grid-cols-6 gap-2')}>
          {visibleFeatures.map(({ key, feature }) => {
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ export default function Index() {
                  )}
                />
                <span className="text-[11px] font-medium text-muted-foreground/80 group-hover:text-foreground leading-tight text-center truncate w-full transition-colors">
-                  {t(feature!.labelKey)}
+                  {feature!.label}
                </span>
              </button>
            );
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { ChevronLeft, ChevronRight } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 export interface DiffNavigatorProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
@@ -19,8 +18,6 @@ export default function DiffNavigator({
  className,
  ...props
 }: DiffNavigatorProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('jsonDiff');
-
  const isFirst = currentIndex <= 0;
  const isLast = currentIndex >= total - 1;

@@ -33,9 +30,7 @@ export default function DiffNavigator({
        )}
        {...props}
      >
-        <span className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/90">
-          {t('jsonDiff:noDiffs')}
-        </span>
+        <span className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/90">{'无差异'}</span>
      </div>
    );
  }
@@ -52,7 +47,7 @@ export default function DiffNavigator({
      <button
        type="button"
        disabled={isFirst}
-        aria-label={t('jsonDiff:previousDiff')}
+        aria-label={'上一个'}
        onClick={onPrev}
        className={cn(
          'p-1 rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground',
@@ -72,7 +67,7 @@ export default function DiffNavigator({
      <button
        type="button"
        disabled={isLast}
-        aria-label={t('jsonDiff:nextDiff')}
+        aria-label={'下一个'}
        onClick={onNext}
        className={cn(
          'p-1 rounded-md text-muted-foreground hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground',
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import React from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import JsonTree from './JsonTree';
 import type { DiffNode, DiffResult as DiffResultType, DiffType, ViewMode } from '../types';
@@ -17,8 +16,6 @@ export default function DiffResult({
  className,
  ...props
 }: DiffResultProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('jsonDiff');
-
  if (viewMode === 'sideBySide') {
    return (
      <div
@@ -26,11 +23,11 @@ export default function DiffResult({
        {...props}
      >
        <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
-          <SectionLabel text={t('jsonDiff:leftLabel')} />
+          <SectionLabel text={'原始 JSON'} />
          <JsonTree node={result.root} side="left" activePath={activePath} />
        </div>
        <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
-          <SectionLabel text={t('jsonDiff:rightLabel')} />
+          <SectionLabel text={'目标 JSON'} />
          <JsonTree node={result.root} side="right" activePath={activePath} />
        </div>
      </div>
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { formatBytes } from '@/utils/format';
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
 import TextInputArea from '@/components/TextInputArea';
@@ -7,6 +6,27 @@ import { validateJson } from '@/utils/jsonFormatter';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import type { ConvertFunction, ConvertResult } from '../types';

+const CONVERT_LABELS: Record<
+  string,
+  { inputPlaceholder: string; outputLabel: string; emptyHint: string }
+> = {
+  yaml: {
+    inputPlaceholder: '输入需要转换的 JSON...',
+    outputLabel: 'YAML 结果',
+    emptyHint: '输入 JSON 后点击转换',
+  },
+  toml: {
+    inputPlaceholder: '输入需要转换的 JSON...',
+    outputLabel: 'TOML 结果',
+    emptyHint: '输入 JSON 后点击转换',
+  },
+  minify: {
+    inputPlaceholder: '输入需要压缩的 JSON...',
+    outputLabel: '压缩结果',
+    emptyHint: '输入 JSON 后点击压缩',
+  },
+};
+
 interface JsonConvertSectionProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
  translationPrefix: string;
  convertFunction: ConvertFunction;
@@ -18,12 +38,11 @@ export default function JsonConvertSection({
  className,
  ...props
 }: JsonConvertSectionProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('jsonFormat');
-
  const [input, setInput] = useState('');
  const [debouncedInput, setDebouncedInput] = useState('');

  const pk = translationPrefix;
+  const labels = CONVERT_LABELS[pk] || CONVERT_LABELS.yaml;

  // Debounce input
  useEffect(() => {
@@ -65,7 +84,7 @@ export default function JsonConvertSection({
    <div className={cn('w-full flex flex-col gap-4', className)} {...props}>
      {/* 输入区 */}
      <TextInputArea
-        placeholder={t(`jsonFormat:${pk}InputPlaceholder`)}
+        placeholder={labels.inputPlaceholder}
        value={input}
        onChange={setInput}
        externalError={error || runtimeError || undefined}
@@ -82,19 +101,19 @@ export default function JsonConvertSection({
          <div className="flex h-9 items-center justify-between px-4 border-b border-border bg-muted/50 select-none">
            <div className="flex gap-4 items-center">
              <span className="text-[10px] font-bold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/90">
-                {t(`jsonFormat:${pk}OutputLabel`)}
+                {labels.outputLabel}
              </span>

              <div className="hidden sm:flex gap-3 items-center font-mono text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/70 tabular-nums">
                <span>
-                  {t('jsonFormat:originalSize')}:{' '}
+                  {'原始大小'}:{' '}
                  <span className="font-semibold text-foreground/80">
                    {formatBytes(result.originalBytes)}
                  </span>
                </span>
                <span className="text-border/60">|</span>
                <span>
-                  {t('jsonFormat:formattedSize')}:{' '}
+                  {'格式化后大小'}:{' '}
                  <span className="font-semibold text-foreground/80">
                    {formatBytes(result.outputBytes)}
                  </span>
@@ -115,7 +134,7 @@ export default function JsonConvertSection({
      ) : (
        <div className="p-8 rounded-xl bg-muted/30 border border-dashed border-border/80 text-center flex flex-col items-center justify-center min-h-[120px] select-none">
          <p className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80 tracking-wide max-w-[240px] leading-relaxed">
-            {error ? t('jsonFormat:fixErrorHint') : t(`jsonFormat:${pk}EmptyHint`)}
+            {error ? '请修正上方 JSON 的语法错误以开启实时流式格式化' : labels.emptyHint}
          </p>
        </div>
      )}
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import {
  formatJson,
  type JsonFormatOptions,
@@ -14,8 +13,6 @@ import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';

 export default function JsonFormatSection() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('jsonFormat');
-
  const [input, setInput] = useState('');
  const [debouncedInput, setDebouncedInput] = useState('');
  const [indentSize, setIndentSize] = useState<number>(2);
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ export default function JsonFormatSection() {
          {/* 缩进配置区 */}
          <div className="flex gap-2 items-center shrink-0 select-none">
            <span className="text-[10px] font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 uppercase tracking-wider">
-              {t('jsonFormat:indentSize')}
+              {'缩进'}
            </span>
            <SwitchButtonGroup
              value={indentSize}
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ export default function JsonFormatSection() {
              htmlFor="sort-keys-checkbox"
              className="text-xs font-bold text-foreground/80 cursor-pointer tracking-tight group-hover:text-foreground"
            >
-              {t('jsonFormat:sortKeys')}
+              {'键名排序'}
            </Label>
          </div>
        </div>
@@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ export default function JsonFormatSection() {

      {/* 满血版输入终端 */}
      <TextInputArea
-        placeholder={t('jsonFormat:inputPlaceholder')}
+        placeholder={'输入需要格式化的 JSON...'}
        value={input}
        onChange={setInput}
        externalError={error || runtimeError || undefined}
@@ -120,19 +117,19 @@ export default function JsonFormatSection() {
          <div className="flex h-9 items-center justify-between px-4 border-b border-border bg-muted/50 select-none">
            <div className="flex gap-4 items-center">
              <span className="text-[10px] font-bold uppercase tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/90">
-                {t('jsonFormat:outputLabel')}
+                {'格式化结果'}
              </span>

              <div className="hidden sm:flex gap-3 items-center font-mono text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/70 tabular-nums">
                <span>
-                  {t('jsonFormat:originalSize')}:{' '}
+                  {'原始大小'}:{' '}
                  <span className="font-semibold text-foreground/80">
                    {formatBytes(result.originalBytes)}
                  </span>
                </span>
                <span className="text-border/60">|</span>
                <span>
-                  {t('jsonFormat:formattedSize')}:{' '}
+                  {'格式化后大小'}:{' '}
                  <span className="font-semibold text-foreground/80">
                    {formatBytes(result.formattedBytes)}
                  </span>
@@ -154,7 +151,7 @@ export default function JsonFormatSection() {
        /* 空状态指示引导区 */
        <div className="p-8 rounded-xl bg-muted/30 border border-dashed border-border/80 text-center flex flex-col items-center justify-center min-h-[120px] select-none">
          <p className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80 tracking-wide max-w-[240px] leading-relaxed">
-            {error ? t('jsonFormat:fixErrorHint') : t('jsonFormat:emptyHint')}
+            {error ? '请修正上方 JSON 的语法错误以开启实时流式格式化' : '输入 JSON 后点击格式化'}
          </p>
        </div>
      )}
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import JsonDiffInput from './components/JsonDiffInput';
 import DiffResult from './components/DiffResult';
 import DiffNavigator from './components/DiffNavigator';
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ import type { ViewMode } from './types';
 type PageMode = JsonToolsPageMode;

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n(['jsonDiff', 'jsonFormat']);
  const {
    pageMode,
    setPageMode,
@@ -41,11 +39,11 @@ export default function Index() {
        value={pageMode}
        onChange={(v: PageMode) => setPageMode(v)}
        options={[
-          { value: 'diff', label: t('jsonFormat:diffMode') },
-          { value: 'format', label: t('jsonFormat:formatMode') },
-          { value: 'yaml', label: t('jsonFormat:yamlMode') },
-          { value: 'toml', label: t('jsonFormat:tomlMode') },
-          { value: 'minify', label: t('jsonFormat:minifyMode') },
+          { value: 'diff', label: '差异比较' },
+          { value: 'format', label: '格式化' },
+          { value: 'yaml', label: 'YAML' },
+          { value: 'toml', label: 'TOML' },
+          { value: 'minify', label: '压缩' },
        ]}
        size="small"
        className="w-full sm:w-auto"
@@ -58,8 +56,8 @@ export default function Index() {
              value={viewMode}
              onChange={(v: ViewMode) => setViewMode(v)}
              options={[
-                { value: 'sideBySide', label: t('jsonDiff:sideBySideMode') },
-                { value: 'unified', label: t('jsonDiff:unifiedMode') },
+                { value: 'sideBySide', label: '并排' },
+                { value: 'unified', label: '统一' },
              ]}
              size="small"
            />
@@ -67,16 +65,16 @@ export default function Index() {

          <div className="flex flex-col md:flex-row gap-4 w-full items-stretch">
            <JsonDiffInput
-              label={t('jsonDiff:leftLabel')}
-              placeholder={t('jsonDiff:leftPlaceholder')}
+              label={'原始 JSON'}
+              placeholder={'输入原始 JSON...'}
              value={leftInput}
              onChange={setLeftInput}
              error={leftError}
              minRows={9}
            />
            <JsonDiffInput
-              label={t('jsonDiff:rightLabel')}
-              placeholder={t('jsonDiff:rightPlaceholder')}
+              label={'目标 JSON'}
+              placeholder={'输入目标 JSON...'}
              value={rightInput}
              onChange={setRightInput}
              error={rightError}
@@ -99,7 +97,9 @@ export default function Index() {
          ) : (
            <div className="p-8 rounded-xl bg-muted/30 border border-dashed border-border/80 text-center flex flex-col items-center justify-center min-h-[140px]">
              <p className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80 tracking-wide max-w-[260px] leading-relaxed">
-                {leftError || rightError ? t('jsonDiff:fixErrorHint') : t('jsonDiff:emptyHint')}
+                {leftError || rightError
+                  ? '请修正上方 JSON 的语法错误以开启实时流式比对'
+                  : '输入两侧 JSON 后点击比较'}
              </p>
            </div>
          )}
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { useStorageState } from '@/utils/useStorageState';
 import { diffJson } from '@/utils/diffEngine';
 import { jsonToYaml } from '@/utils/jsonToYaml';
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ export interface UseJsonToolsReturn {
 }

 export function useJsonTools(): UseJsonToolsReturn {
-  const { t } = useI18n(['jsonDiff', 'jsonFormat']);
  const [pageMode, setPageMode] = useStorageState('jsonTools/pageMode', 'diff', isValidPageMode);

  // Diff inputs
@@ -54,12 +52,12 @@ export function useJsonTools(): UseJsonToolsReturn {

  // Parse debounced inputs
  const parseState = useMemo(() => {
-    const invalidMsg = t('jsonDiff:invalidJson');
+    const invalidMsg = '无效的 JSON 格式';
    return {
      left: tryParse(debouncedLeft, invalidMsg),
      right: tryParse(debouncedRight, invalidMsg),
    };
-  }, [debouncedLeft, debouncedRight, t]);
+  }, [debouncedLeft, debouncedRight]);

  const leftError = parseState.left.error;
  const rightError = parseState.right.error;
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { stringifyJson } from '@/utils/jwt';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ export default function JwtSection({
  bgClass,
  borderClass,
 }: JwtSectionProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('jwt');
  return (
    <div className={cn('p-4 rounded-xl border border-solid', bgClass, borderClass)}>
      <div className="flex justify-between items-center mb-2 select-none">
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ export default function JwtSection({
        />
      </div>
      <pre className="m-0 p-3 bg-muted/30 dark:bg-muted/10 rounded-lg text-xs font-mono overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-all border border-border/50 text-foreground/90 leading-relaxed select-text">
-        {content ? stringifyJson(content) : t('jwt:invalidFormat')}
+        {content ? stringifyJson(content) : '无法解析'}
      </pre>
    </div>
  );
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ import TextInputArea from '@/components/TextInputArea';
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
 import JwtSection from './JwtSection';
 import { useJwt } from './useJwt';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n(['jwt', 'jsonFormat']);
  const { jwtInput, result, handleChange, handleClear } = useJwt();

  return (
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ export default function Index() {
        <TextInputArea
          minRows={5}
          maxRows={10}
-          placeholder={t('jwt_placeholder')}
+          placeholder={'在此粘贴 JWT 令牌 (Encoded JWT)...'}
          value={jwtInput}
          onChange={handleChange}
          allowCopy={true}
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ export default function Index() {
        {result && !result.error && (
          <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
            <JwtSection
-              title={t('jwt:headerTitle')}
+              title={'HEADER: 算法 & 令牌类型'}
              content={result.header}
              colorClass="text-[#fb015b] dark:text-rose-400"
              borderClass="border-[#fb015b]/20 dark:border-rose-500/20"
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ export default function Index() {
            />

            <JwtSection
-              title={t('jwt:payloadTitle')}
+              title={'PAYLOAD: 数据'}
              content={result.payload}
              colorClass="text-[#a03aff] dark:text-purple-400"
              borderClass="border-[#a03aff]/20 dark:border-purple-500/20"
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ export default function Index() {
            <div className="p-4 rounded-xl border border-border bg-secondary/40 shadow-sm">
              <div className="flex justify-between items-center mb-2">
                <span className="text-xs font-bold tracking-wider text-muted-foreground/90 uppercase">
-                  {t('jwt:signatureTitle')}
+                  {'签名'}
                </span>
                <CopyButton
                  text={result.signature || ''}
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ export default function Index() {
                />
              </div>
              <span className="block text-xs font-mono break-all text-foreground/80 bg-muted/30 dark:bg-muted/10 p-3 rounded-lg border border-border/50 leading-relaxed select-text">
-                {result.signature || t('jwt:noSignature')}
+                {result.signature || '无签名'}
              </span>
            </div>
          </div>
@@ -60,9 +58,7 @@ export default function Index() {

        {result?.error && (
          <div className="p-6 rounded-xl bg-muted/30 border border-dashed border-border text-center">
-            <p className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80">
-              {t('jsonFormat:invalidJson')}
-            </p>
+            <p className="text-xs font-semibold text-muted-foreground/80">{'无效的 JSON 格式'}</p>
          </div>
        )}
      </div>
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import { Loader2, Pencil, QrCode } from 'lucide-react';
 import TextInputArea from '@/components/TextInputArea';
 import QrCodePreview from './QrCodePreview';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { useQrCodeContext } from '../contexts/QrCodeContext';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 const TEXT_PREVIEW_MAX_LENGTH = 80;

 export default function GeneratePanel() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('qrCode');
  const {
    generatorState,
    setTextToEncode,
@@ -42,13 +40,13 @@ export default function GeneratePanel() {
        >
          <div className="flex flex-col space-y-2.5">
            <Label className="text-[10px] font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 uppercase tracking-wider select-none pl-0.5">
-              {t('qrCode:urlInputLabel')}
+              {'输入 URL 或文本'}
            </Label>

            <TextInputArea
              value={generatorState.textToEncode}
              onChange={setTextToEncode}
-              placeholder={t('qrCode:urlInputPlaceholder')}
+              placeholder={'请输入 URL 或文本内容，将自动生成二维码'}
              showCount={true}
              showClear={true}
              allowCopy={false}
@@ -66,12 +64,12 @@ export default function GeneratePanel() {
              {generatorState.generating ? (
                <>
                  <Loader2 className="w-4 h-4 mr-2 animate-spin" />
-                  {t('qrCode:generating')}
+                  {'生成中...'}
                </>
              ) : (
                <>
                  <QrCode className="w-4 h-4 mr-2" />
-                  {t('qrCode:generateButton')}
+                  {'生成二维码'}
                </>
              )}
            </Button>
@@ -88,11 +86,11 @@ export default function GeneratePanel() {
      <div className="border border-border rounded-xl bg-card text-card-foreground shadow-sm p-3 mb-3">
        <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-1.5">
          <Label className="text-[10px] font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 uppercase tracking-wider select-none pl-0.5">
-            {t('qrCode:textPreviewLabel')}
+            {'原始文本'}
          </Label>
          <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={backToEdit} className="h-6 px-2 text-xs">
            <Pencil className="w-3 h-3 mr-1" />
-            {t('qrCode:editButton')}
+            {'编辑'}
          </Button>
        </div>
        <div
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { Image, X } from 'lucide-react';
 import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 interface ImageUploaderProps {
  /** 选中的文件 */
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ const ImageUploader = ({
  dragging,
  onDraggingChange,
 }: ImageUploaderProps) => {
-  const { t } = useI18n('qrCode');
  const fileInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);

  const handleFileChange = useCallback(
@@ -47,8 +45,8 @@ const ImageUploader = ({
      URL.revokeObjectURL(previewUrl);
    }
    onClearFile();
-    toast.success(t('qrCode:imageCleared'));
-  }, [previewUrl, onClearFile, t]);
+    toast.success('图片已清除');
+  }, [previewUrl, onClearFile]);

  const handleInputChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
    if (e.target.files && e.target.files.length > 0) {
@@ -88,10 +86,10 @@ const ImageUploader = ({
          if (file) {
            try {
              handleFileChange(file);
-              toast.success(t('qrCode:imagePasted'));
+              toast.success('图片粘贴成功，正在解析...');
            } catch (error) {
              console.error('处理粘贴图片失败:', error);
-              toast.error(t('qrCode:imagePasteError'));
+              toast.error('粘贴图片失败，请重试');
            }
          }
          break;
@@ -104,7 +102,7 @@ const ImageUploader = ({
    return () => {
      document.removeEventListener('paste', handlePaste);
    };
-  }, [handleFileChange, t]);
+  }, [handleFileChange]);

  return (
    <div
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ const ImageUploader = ({
              </Button>
            </div>
            <span className="block text-sm text-muted-foreground mt-2">{selectedFile.name}</span>
-            <span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t('qrCode:clickToChange')}</span>
+            <span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground">{'点击更换图片'}</span>
          </div>
        ) : (
          <>
@@ -160,10 +158,10 @@ const ImageUploader = ({
              className="w-12 h-12 text-muted-foreground mx-auto mb-2"
            />
            <span className="block text-sm text-muted-foreground mb-1">
-              {t('qrCode:clickToUpload')}
+              {'点击、拖拽或粘贴上传二维码图片'}
            </span>
            <span className="block text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-              {t('qrCode:supportFormats')}
+              {'支持 PNG、JPG、WEBP、Base64 格式'}
            </span>
          </>
        )}
@@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ import { RefreshCw } from 'lucide-react';
 import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import TextInputArea from '@/components/TextInputArea';
 import ImageUploader from './ImageUploader';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { useQrCodeContext } from '../contexts/QrCodeContext';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 export default function ParsePanel() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('qrCode');
  const { parserState, setParserState, handleFileChange, handleClearFile } = useQrCodeContext();

  const hasFile = parserState.selectedFile !== null;
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ export default function ParsePanel() {
          const file = items[i].getAsFile();
          if (file) {
            handleFileChange(file);
-            toast.success(t('qrCode:imagePasted'));
+            toast.success('图片粘贴成功，正在解析...');
          }
          return;
        }
@@ -41,14 +39,14 @@ export default function ParsePanel() {
          const blob = await response.blob();
          const file = new File([blob], 'pasted-image.png', { type: blob.type });
          handleFileChange(file);
-          toast.success(t('qrCode:imagePasted'));
+          toast.success('图片粘贴成功，正在解析...');
        } catch (error) {
          console.error('处理 Base64 图片失败:', error);
-          toast.error(t('qrCode:imagePasteError'));
+          toast.error('粘贴图片失败，请重试');
        }
      }
    },
-    [handleFileChange, t],
+    [handleFileChange],
  );

  useEffect(() => {
@@ -82,11 +80,11 @@ export default function ParsePanel() {
      <div className="border border-border rounded-xl bg-card text-card-foreground shadow-sm p-3 mb-3">
        <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-1.5">
          <Label className="text-[10px] font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 uppercase tracking-wider select-none pl-0.5">
-            {t('qrCode:uploadedImage')}
+            {'已上传图片'}
          </Label>
          <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={handleClearFile} className="h-6 px-2 text-xs">
            <RefreshCw className="w-3 h-3 mr-1" />
-            {t('qrCode:reuploadButton')}
+            {'重新上传'}
          </Button>
        </div>
        <div className="flex items-center gap-3 bg-muted/50 rounded-md p-2">
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ export default function ParsePanel() {
          <div className="flex-1 min-w-0">
            <p className="text-sm text-foreground truncate">{parserState.selectedFile?.name}</p>
            {parserState.parsing && (
-              <p className="text-xs text-primary animate-pulse mt-1">{t('qrCode:parsing')}</p>
+              <p className="text-xs text-primary animate-pulse mt-1">{'解析中...'}</p>
            )}
          </div>
        </div>
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ export default function ParsePanel() {
      >
        <div className="flex flex-col space-y-2.5">
          <Label className="text-[10px] font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 uppercase tracking-wider pl-0.5">
-            {t('qrCode:resultLabel')}
+            {'解析结果'}
          </Label>

          <TextInputArea
@@ -121,7 +119,7 @@ export default function ParsePanel() {
            readOnly={true}
            showClear={false}
            allowCopy={true}
-            placeholder={parserState.parsing ? '' : t('qrCode:resultPlaceholder')}
+            placeholder={parserState.parsing ? '' : '解析结果将显示在此处'}
            minRows={4}
            maxRows={8}
            externalError={parserState.parseError || undefined}
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { Copy, Download } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';

@@ -24,8 +23,6 @@ const QrCodePreview = ({
  className,
  ...props
 }: QrCodePreviewProps) => {
-  const { t } = useI18n('qrCode');
-
  // 空状态下的虚线骨架屏
  if (!qrCodeDataUrl) {
    return (
@@ -37,7 +34,7 @@ const QrCodePreview = ({
        {...props}
      >
        <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground text-center">
-          {placeholderText || t('qrCode:qrCodeWillShow')}
+          {placeholderText || '二维码将显示在这里'}
        </p>
      </div>
    );
@@ -68,12 +65,12 @@ const QrCodePreview = ({
        <div className="flex w-full gap-2 mt-3">
          <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={onDownload} className="flex-1 h-8">
            <Download className="w-3.5 h-3.5 text-muted-foreground" />
-            <span className="truncate text-xs">{t('qrCode:downloadButton')}</span>
+            <span className="truncate text-xs">{'下载二维码'}</span>
          </Button>

          <Button variant="default" size="sm" onClick={onCopy} className="flex-1 h-8">
            <Copy className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
-            <span className="truncate text-xs">{t('qrCode:copyQrButton')}</span>
+            <span className="truncate text-xs">{'复制二维码'}</span>
          </Button>
        </div>
      </div>
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import QRious from 'qrious';
 import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import { parseQrCodeFromFile } from '@/utils/qrCodeParser';
 import { useContextMenuData } from '@/utils/useContextMenuData';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import type { QrCodeContextValue } from '../contexts/QrCodeContext';
 import type { QrCodeGeneratorState, QrCodeMode, QrCodeParserState } from '../types';

@@ -78,8 +77,6 @@ function generateQrCodeDataUrl(text: string): string {
 }

 export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
-  const { t } = useI18n('qrCode');
-
  const [mode, setMode] = useState<QrCodeMode>('generate');

  const [generatorState, setGeneratorState] = useState<QrCodeGeneratorState>({
@@ -112,40 +109,37 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
  }, []);

  /** 自动检测URL并生成二维码 */
-  const autoGenerateIfUrl = useCallback(
-    (text: string) => {
-      if (debounceTimerRef.current) {
-        clearTimeout(debounceTimerRef.current);
+  const autoGenerateIfUrl = useCallback((text: string) => {
+    if (debounceTimerRef.current) {
+      clearTimeout(debounceTimerRef.current);
+    }
+
+    if (!isUrl(text)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    debounceTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
+      setGeneratorState((prev) => ({ ...prev, generating: true, inputError: '' }));
+
+      const qrCodeDataUrl = generateQrCodeDataUrl(text);
+
+      if (qrCodeDataUrl) {
+        setGeneratorState((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          step: 'preview',
+          savedText: text.trim(),
+          qrCodeDataUrl,
+          generating: false,
+        }));
+      } else {
+        setGeneratorState((prev) => ({
+          ...prev,
+          generating: false,
+          inputError: '生成二维码失败，请重试',
+        }));
      }
-
-      if (!isUrl(text)) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      debounceTimerRef.current = setTimeout(() => {
-        setGeneratorState((prev) => ({ ...prev, generating: true, inputError: '' }));
-
-        const qrCodeDataUrl = generateQrCodeDataUrl(text);
-
-        if (qrCodeDataUrl) {
-          setGeneratorState((prev) => ({
-            ...prev,
-            step: 'preview',
-            savedText: text.trim(),
-            qrCodeDataUrl,
-            generating: false,
-          }));
-        } else {
-          setGeneratorState((prev) => ({
-            ...prev,
-            generating: false,
-            inputError: t('qrCode:generateError'),
-          }));
-        }
-      }, DEBOUNCE_DELAY);
-    },
-    [t],
-  );
+    }, DEBOUNCE_DELAY);
+  }, []);

  const setTextToEncode = useCallback(
    (text: string) => {
@@ -160,8 +154,8 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
    const text = generatorState.textToEncode.trim();

    if (!text) {
-      setGeneratorState((prev) => ({ ...prev, inputError: t('qrCode:inputRequired') }));
-      toast.error(t('qrCode:inputRequired'));
+      setGeneratorState((prev) => ({ ...prev, inputError: '请输入内容' }));
+      toast.error('请输入内容');
      return;
    }

@@ -176,9 +170,9 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
        setGeneratorState((prev) => ({
          ...prev,
          generating: false,
-          inputError: t('qrCode:generateError'),
+          inputError: '生成二维码失败，请重试',
        }));
-        toast.error(t('qrCode:generateError'));
+        toast.error('生成二维码失败，请重试');
        return;
      }

@@ -190,7 +184,7 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
        generating: false,
      }));
    }, 0);
-  }, [generatorState.textToEncode, t]);
+  }, [generatorState.textToEncode]);

  /** 返回编辑态，保留上次输入内容 */
  const backToEdit = useCallback(() => {
@@ -207,46 +201,43 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
  }, []);

  /** 从图片URL解析二维码 */
-  const parseQrCodeFromUrl = useCallback(
-    async (imageUrl: string) => {
-      try {
-        setParserState((prev) => ({
-          ...prev,
-          parsing: true,
-          parseError: '',
-          decodedResult: '',
-          previewUrl: imageUrl,
-          selectedFile: null,
-        }));
+  const parseQrCodeFromUrl = useCallback(async (imageUrl: string) => {
+    try {
+      setParserState((prev) => ({
+        ...prev,
+        parsing: true,
+        parseError: '',
+        decodedResult: '',
+        previewUrl: imageUrl,
+        selectedFile: null,
+      }));

-        // 从URL获取图片并转换为File对象
-        const response = await fetch(imageUrl);
-        const blob = await response.blob();
-        const file = new File([blob], 'qrcode-image.png', { type: blob.type });
+      // 从URL获取图片并转换为File对象
+      const response = await fetch(imageUrl);
+      const blob = await response.blob();
+      const file = new File([blob], 'qrcode-image.png', { type: blob.type });

-        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, selectedFile: file }));
+      setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, selectedFile: file }));

-        const result = await parseQrCodeFromFile(file);
+      const result = await parseQrCodeFromFile(file);

-        if (result.success && result.data) {
-          setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, decodedResult: result.data! }));
-          toast.success(t('qrCode:parseSuccess'));
-        } else {
-          const errorMsg = result.error || t('qrCode:noQrDetected');
-          setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parseError: errorMsg }));
-          toast.error(errorMsg);
-        }
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error('解析图片二维码失败:', error);
-        const errorMsg = error instanceof Error ? error.message : t('qrCode:parseError');
+      if (result.success && result.data) {
+        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, decodedResult: result.data! }));
+        toast.success('二维码解析成功');
+      } else {
+        const errorMsg = result.error || '未检测到二维码，请确保图片清晰且包含二维码';
        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parseError: errorMsg }));
        toast.error(errorMsg);
-      } finally {
-        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parsing: false }));
      }
-    },
-    [t],
-  );
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('解析图片二维码失败:', error);
+      const errorMsg = error instanceof Error ? error.message : '解析二维码失败，请重试';
+      setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parseError: errorMsg }));
+      toast.error(errorMsg);
+    } finally {
+      setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parsing: false }));
+    }
+  }, []);

  /** 右键菜单传入URL时，自动生成二维码或解析图片 */
  const handleContextMenuData = useCallback(
@@ -294,32 +285,29 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
  useContextMenuData({ featureKey: 'qrCode', onData: handleContextMenuData });

  // 反向活态解析二维码算法
-  const parseQrCode = useCallback(
-    async (file: File) => {
-      try {
-        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parsing: true, parseError: '', decodedResult: '' }));
+  const parseQrCode = useCallback(async (file: File) => {
+    try {
+      setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parsing: true, parseError: '', decodedResult: '' }));

-        const result = await parseQrCodeFromFile(file);
+      const result = await parseQrCodeFromFile(file);

-        if (result.success && result.data) {
-          setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, decodedResult: result.data! }));
-          toast.success(t('qrCode:parseSuccess'));
-        } else {
-          const errorMsg = result.error || t('qrCode:noQrDetected');
-          setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parseError: errorMsg }));
-          toast.error(errorMsg);
-        }
-      } catch (error) {
-        console.error('解析二维码失败:', error);
-        const errorMsg = error instanceof Error ? error.message : t('qrCode:parseError');
+      if (result.success && result.data) {
+        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, decodedResult: result.data! }));
+        toast.success('二维码解析成功');
+      } else {
+        const errorMsg = result.error || '未检测到二维码，请确保图片清晰且包含二维码';
        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parseError: errorMsg }));
        toast.error(errorMsg);
-      } finally {
-        setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parsing: false }));
      }
-    },
-    [t],
-  );
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.error('解析二维码失败:', error);
+      const errorMsg = error instanceof Error ? error.message : '解析二维码失败，请重试';
+      setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parseError: errorMsg }));
+      toast.error(errorMsg);
+    } finally {
+      setParserState((prev) => ({ ...prev, parsing: false }));
+    }
+  }, []);

  const downloadQrCode = useCallback(() => {
    if (!generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl) return;
@@ -328,8 +316,8 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
    link.href = generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl;
    link.download = 'qrcode.png';
    link.click();
-    toast.success(t('qrCode:qrCodeDownloadSuccess'));
-  }, [generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl, t]);
+    toast.success('二维码下载成功');
+  }, [generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl]);

  const copyQrCode = useCallback(async () => {
    if (!generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl) return;
@@ -344,12 +332,12 @@ export function useQrCode(): QrCodeContextValue {
        }),
      ]);

-      toast.success(t('qrCode:qrCodeCopySuccess'));
+      toast.success('二维码已复制到剪贴板');
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('复制二维码失败:', error);
-      toast.error(t('qrCode:copyError'));
+      toast.error('复制失败，请重试');
    }
-  }, [generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl, t]);
+  }, [generatorState.qrCodeDataUrl]);

  const handleFileChange = useCallback(
    (file: File) => {
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import SwitchButtonGroup from '@/components/SwitchButtonGroup';

-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { QrCodeContext } from './contexts/QrCodeContext';
 import { useQrCode } from './hooks/useQrCode';
 import GeneratePanel from './components/GeneratePanel';
@@ -8,13 +7,12 @@ import ParsePanel from './components/ParsePanel';
 import type { QrCodeMode } from './types';

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('qrCode');
  const qrCode = useQrCode();

  // 模式选项驱动骨架
  const modeOptions = [
-    { value: 'generate' as QrCodeMode, label: t('qrCode:urlToQr') },
-    { value: 'parse' as QrCodeMode, label: t('qrCode:qrToUrl') },
+    { value: 'generate' as QrCodeMode, label: '文本转二维码' },
+    { value: 'parse' as QrCodeMode, label: '二维码转文本' },
  ];

  return (
@@ -3,17 +3,15 @@ import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { Shield, ShieldCheck, MousePointerClick, AlertTriangle } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useRightClickRestorer } from './useRightClickRestorer';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('rightClickRestorer');
  const { domain, isLoading, isUnlocked, isUnsupported, unlock } = useRightClickRestorer();

  if (isLoading) {
    return (
      <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-12 min-h-[280px] w-full">
        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-2 font-medium tracking-wide">
-          {t('rightClickRestorer:loading')}
+          {'正在加载...'}
        </span>
      </div>
    );
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ export default function Index() {
      {/* Current Domain */}
      <div className="w-full rounded-xl border border-border bg-card text-card-foreground shadow-sm overflow-hidden">
        <div className="p-4">
-          <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{t('rightClickRestorer:currentDomain')}</Label>
+          <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{'当前域名'}</Label>
          <div className="mt-2 flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
            <code className="text-sm bg-muted px-2 py-1 rounded truncate min-w-0 flex-1">
              {domain || '—'}
@@ -32,17 +30,17 @@ export default function Index() {
            {isUnsupported ? (
              <Badge variant="destructive" className="gap-1 shrink-0">
                <AlertTriangle className="h-3 w-3" />
-                {t('rightClickRestorer:unsupported')}
+                {'不支持'}
              </Badge>
            ) : isUnlocked ? (
              <Badge variant="default" className="gap-1 bg-green-600 hover:bg-green-700 shrink-0">
                <ShieldCheck className="h-3 w-3" />
-                {t('rightClickRestorer:statusUnlocked')}
+                {'已解锁'}
              </Badge>
            ) : (
              <Badge variant="secondary" className="gap-1 shrink-0">
                <Shield className="h-3 w-3" />
-                {t('rightClickRestorer:statusLocked')}
+                {'未解锁'}
              </Badge>
            )}
          </div>
@@ -55,16 +53,18 @@ export default function Index() {
          {isUnsupported ? (
            <>
              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                {t('rightClickRestorer:unsupportedDesc')}
+                {'当前页面为浏览器内部页面或扩展页面，无法解锁右键功能。请切换到普通网页后重试。'}
              </p>
              <Button className="w-full gap-2" disabled variant="secondary">
                <AlertTriangle className="h-4 w-4" />
-                {t('rightClickRestorer:unsupported')}
+                {'不支持'}
              </Button>
            </>
          ) : (
            <>
-              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t('rightClickRestorer:unlockDesc')}</p>
+              <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+                {'点击下方按钮，为当前网站临时解锁右键菜单。刷新页面后需要重新解锁。'}
+              </p>
              <Button
                className="w-full gap-2"
                onClick={() => void unlock()}
@@ -72,9 +72,7 @@ export default function Index() {
                variant={isUnlocked ? 'secondary' : 'default'}
              >
                <MousePointerClick className="h-4 w-4" />
-                {isUnlocked
-                  ? t('rightClickRestorer:alreadyUnlocked')
-                  : t('rightClickRestorer:unlockBtn')}
+                {isUnlocked ? '右键已解锁' : '解锁当前网站右键'}
              </Button>
            </>
          )}
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 */

 import React from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
@@ -43,8 +42,6 @@ export default function AutoRefreshToggle({
  className,
  ...props
 }: AutoRefreshToggleProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  return (
    <div
      className={cn(
@@ -57,7 +54,7 @@ export default function AutoRefreshToggle({
        htmlFor="auto-refresh-switch"
        className="text-xs font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 cursor-pointer select-none tracking-wide uppercase"
      >
-        {t('storageCleaner:autoRefresh')}
+        {'清理后自动刷新页面'}
      </Label>

      <Switch id="auto-refresh-switch" checked={reloadAfterClean} onCheckedChange={onChange} />
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import React from 'react';
 import { CheckCircle, XCircle } from 'lucide-react';
 import type { CleaningResult as CleaningResultType } from '@/types/storage';
 import { formatCleaningResult } from '@/utils/storageCleaner';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 interface CleaningResultProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
@@ -10,8 +9,6 @@ interface CleaningResultProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
 }

 export default function CleaningResult({ result, className, ...props }: CleaningResultProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  if (!result) return null;

  const isSuccess = result.overallSuccess;
@@ -33,9 +30,7 @@ export default function CleaningResult({ result, className, ...props }: Cleaning
        )}

        <span className="text-xs sm:text-sm font-semibold leading-relaxed break-all">
-          {isSuccess
-            ? formatCleaningResult(result, t)
-            : result.error || t('storageCleaner:partialFailure')}
+          {isSuccess ? formatCleaningResult(result) : result.error || '部分清理失败'}
        </span>
      </div>
    </div>
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { AlertCircle } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 interface ErrorDisplayProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
@@ -7,8 +6,6 @@ interface ErrorDisplayProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
 }

 export default function ErrorDisplay({ error, className, ...props }: ErrorDisplayProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  return (
    <div
      className={cn(
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ export default function ErrorDisplay({ error, className, ...props }: ErrorDispla
        </p>

        <p className="text-xs font-medium leading-relaxed text-muted-foreground/90 px-2">
-          {t('storageCleaner:errorStandardOnly')}
+          {'存储清理功能仅适用于标准网页'}
        </p>
      </div>
    </div>
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { formatBytes } from '@/utils/format';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import type { StorageSizeInfo } from '../useStorageCleaner';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';

+const OPTION_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  localStorage: 'Local Storage',
+  sessionStorage: 'Session Storage',
+  indexedDB: '站点存储',
+  cookies: 'Cookies',
+  cacheStorage: 'Cache Storage',
+  serviceWorkers: 'Service Workers',
+};
+
 interface OptionItemProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
  labelKey: string;
  checked: boolean;
@@ -20,10 +28,9 @@ export default function OptionItem({
  className,
  ...props
 }: OptionItemProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  const sizeValue = sizeInfo?.value;
  const isCount = sizeInfo?.displayType === 'count';
+  const label = OPTION_LABELS[labelKey] || labelKey;

  return (
    <div
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@ export default function OptionItem({
            checked ? 'text-foreground' : 'text-foreground/75',
          )}
        >
-          {t(labelKey)}
+          {label}
        </span>

        {sizeValue !== undefined && sizeValue > 0 ? (
@@ -54,11 +61,11 @@ export default function OptionItem({
              checked ? 'text-primary/70' : 'text-muted-foreground/70',
            )}
          >
-            {isCount ? `${sizeValue} ${t('storageCleaner:countUnit')}` : formatBytes(sizeValue)}
+            {isCount ? `${sizeValue} 项` : formatBytes(sizeValue)}
          </span>
        ) : (
          <span className="block text-[10px] font-medium text-muted-foreground/50 mt-0.5 italic">
-            {t('storageCleaner:noData')}
+            {'无数据'}
          </span>
        )}
      </div>
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import {
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import { AlertTriangle } from 'lucide-react';
 import type { StorageCleanerOptions } from '@/types/storage';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 export interface StorageCleanerConfirmProps {
@@ -20,17 +19,24 @@ export interface StorageCleanerConfirmProps {
  options: StorageCleanerOptions;
 }

+const OPTION_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  localStorage: 'Local Storage',
+  sessionStorage: 'Session Storage',
+  indexedDB: '站点存储',
+  cookies: 'Cookies',
+  cacheStorage: 'Cache Storage',
+  serviceWorkers: 'Service Workers',
+};
+
 export function StorageCleanerConfirm({
  open,
  onClose,
  onConfirm,
  options,
 }: StorageCleanerConfirmProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  const selectedOptions = Object.entries(options)
    .filter(([_, value]) => value)
-    .map(([key, _]) => t(`storageCleaner:options.${key as keyof StorageCleanerOptions}`));
+    .map(([key, _]) => OPTION_LABELS[key] || key);

  return (
    <Dialog open={open} onOpenChange={(isOpen) => !isOpen && onClose()}>
@@ -42,14 +48,14 @@ export function StorageCleanerConfirm({
        {/* 头部标题区域 */}
        <DialogHeader className="pt-1">
          <DialogTitle className="text-center text-lg font-bold tracking-tight text-foreground">
-            {t('storageCleaner:confirmTitle')}
+            {'确认清理数据？'}
          </DialogTitle>
        </DialogHeader>

        {/* 内容主体：限制最大宽度，防止内部元素在大分辨率下被横向拉得太松散 */}
        <div className="text-center py-4 flex flex-col items-center w-full max-w-[280px] mx-auto">
          <DialogDescription className="mb-4 text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground/90 leading-relaxed">
-            {t('storageCleaner:confirmDesc')}
+            {'您将永久删除当前页面的以下选定存储项。'}
          </DialogDescription>

          {/* 待清理项目徽章群 */}
@@ -69,7 +75,7 @@ export function StorageCleanerConfirm({
          <div className="inline-flex items-center justify-center gap-1.5 px-3.5 py-2 rounded-lg bg-destructive/5 border border-dashed border-destructive/20 w-full max-w-[240px]">
            <AlertTriangle className="h-3.5 w-3.5 text-destructive shrink-0" />
            <span className="text-[11px] font-bold text-destructive leading-none tracking-tight">
-              {t('storageCleaner:irreversible')}
+              {'此操作不可撤销'}
            </span>
          </div>
        </div>
@@ -81,7 +87,7 @@ export function StorageCleanerConfirm({
            onClick={onConfirm}
            className="w-full text-xs font-bold shadow-sm h-9"
          >
-            {t('storageCleaner:confirmAction')}
+            {'确认清理'}
          </Button>
          <Button
            variant="outline"
@@ -89,7 +95,7 @@ export function StorageCleanerConfirm({
            onClick={onClose}
            className="w-full text-xs font-semibold shadow-sm h-9 text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground"
          >
-            {t('common_buttons_cancel')}
+            {'取消'}
          </Button>
        </DialogFooter>
      </DialogContent>
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import React from 'react';
 import type { StorageCleanerOptions } from '@/types/storage';
 import type { StorageSizeInfo } from '../useStorageCleaner';
 import OptionItem from './OptionItem';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { Checkbox } from '@/components/ui/checkbox';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
@@ -26,8 +25,6 @@ export default function StorageOptionsGrid({
  className,
  ...props
 }: StorageOptionsGridProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  const optionKeys: (keyof StorageCleanerOptions)[] = [
    'localStorage',
    'sessionStorage',
@@ -48,7 +45,7 @@ export default function StorageOptionsGrid({
          {optionKeys.map((key) => (
            <OptionItem
              key={key}
-              labelKey={`storageCleaner:options.${key}`}
+              labelKey={key}
              checked={options[key]}
              sizeInfo={sizes[key]}
              onChange={() => onOptionChange(key)}
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ export default function StorageOptionsGrid({
        className="border-t border-border flex justify-between items-center pl-3.5 pr-7 py-2.5 bg-muted/20 hover:bg-muted/40 cursor-pointer select-none transition-colors"
      >
        <Label className="text-xs font-bold text-muted-foreground/90 cursor-pointer tracking-wide uppercase">
-          {t('storageCleaner:selectAll')}
+          {'全选所有项'}
        </Label>

        <Checkbox
@@ -6,11 +6,8 @@ import StorageOptionsGrid from './components/StorageOptionsGrid';
 import AutoRefreshToggle from './components/AutoRefreshToggle';
 import ErrorDisplay from './components/ErrorDisplay';
 import CleaningResult from './components/CleaningResult';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('storageCleaner');
-
  const {
    error,
    isInitializing,
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ export default function Index() {
      <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-12 min-h-[280px] w-full">
        <Loader2 className="h-6 w-6 text-muted-foreground/80" />
        <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground mt-2 font-medium tracking-wide">
-          {t('storageCleaner:initializing')}
+          {'正在读取站点数据...'}
        </span>
      </div>
    );
@@ -75,10 +72,10 @@ export default function Index() {
            {loading ? (
              <>
                <Loader2 className="mr-2 h-4 w-4 animate-spin" />
-                {t('storageCleaner:cleaning')}
+                {'正在清理...'}
              </>
            ) : (
-              t('storageCleaner:cleanNow')
+              '立即清理'
            )}
          </Button>
        </div>
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import {
  getSessionStorageSize,
  isRestrictedUrl,
 } from '@/utils/storageCleaner';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { toast } from 'sonner';

 const DEFAULT_OPTIONS: StorageCleanerOptions = {
@@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ export interface UseStorageCleanerReturn {
 }

 export function useStorageCleaner(): UseStorageCleanerReturn {
-  const { t } = useI18n(['storageCleaner', 'common']);
  const [error, setError] = useState<string>('');
  const [isInitializing, setIsInitializing] = useState<boolean>(true);
  const [options, setOptions] = useState<StorageCleanerOptions>(DEFAULT_OPTIONS);
@@ -93,11 +91,11 @@ export function useStorageCleaner(): UseStorageCleanerReturn {
      if (currentRequestId !== requestIdRef.current) return;

      if (!tab || !tab.url) {
-        setError(t('storageCleaner:errorNoTab'));
+        setError('无法获取当前标签页');
        return;
      }
      if (isRestrictedUrl(tab.url)) {
-        setError(t('storageCleaner:errorRestricted'));
+        setError('存储清理功能不支持此页面');
        return;
      }

@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ export function useStorageCleaner(): UseStorageCleanerReturn {
        setIsInitializing(false);
      }
    }
-  }, [t]);
+  }, []);

  const loadInfoRef = useRef(loadInfo);
  useEffect(() => {
@@ -177,10 +175,7 @@ export function useStorageCleaner(): UseStorageCleanerReturn {
    if (storageTimerRef.current) clearTimeout(storageTimerRef.current);
    storageTimerRef.current = setTimeout(async () => {
      await storageUtil
-        .set('storageCleaner/preferences', {
-          reloadAfterClean,
-          selectedTypes: options,
-        })
+        .set('storageCleaner/preferences', { reloadAfterClean, selectedTypes: options })
        .catch(console.error);
    }, 500);
  }, [options, reloadAfterClean, isInitializing]);
@@ -209,7 +204,7 @@ export function useStorageCleaner(): UseStorageCleanerReturn {

    const tab = await getCurrentTab();
    if (!tab || !tab.id || !tab.url) {
-      toast.warning(t('storageCleaner:errorNoTab'));
+      toast.warning('无法获取当前标签页');
      return;
    }

@@ -219,18 +214,18 @@ export function useStorageCleaner(): UseStorageCleanerReturn {
      setResult(cleaningResult);

      if (reloadAfterClean && cleaningResult.overallSuccess) {
-        toast.success(t('storageCleaner:cleanSuccessReload'));
+        toast.success('清理成功，即将刷新页面');
        await chrome.tabs.reload(tab.id);
      } else {
        await loadInfo();
      }
    } catch (err) {
-      toast.error(`${t('storageCleaner:cleanError')}: ${String(err)}`);
+      toast.error(`清理失败: ${String(err)}`);
    } finally {
      setLoading(false);
      setShowConfirm(false);
    }
-  }, [options, reloadAfterClean, loadInfo, t]);
+  }, [options, reloadAfterClean, loadInfo]);

  const totalBytes = useMemo(() => {
    return Object.values(sizes).reduce((acc, s) => {
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@

 import { useMemo } from 'react';
 import { FileJson, FileText } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { getGeneratorById } from '@/lib/generators';
 import type { FieldConfig } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';

@@ -56,8 +55,6 @@ function getValueColor(value: string): string {
 }

 export default function DataPreview({ fields }: DataPreviewProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
-
  // 生成一条示例数据
  const sampleData = useMemo(() => {
    if (fields.length === 0) return null;
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ export default function DataPreview({ fields }: DataPreviewProps) {
    return (
      <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center h-full text-center">
        <FileJson className="h-8 w-8 text-muted-foreground/30 mb-2" />
-        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/50">{t('testDataGenerator_noDataHint')}</p>
+        <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/50">{'配置字段后点击「生成数据」按钮'}</p>
      </div>
    );
  }
@@ -96,12 +93,10 @@ export default function DataPreview({ fields }: DataPreviewProps) {
          <div className="h-5 w-5 rounded bg-primary/10 flex items-center justify-center">
            <FileText className="h-3 w-3 text-primary" />
          </div>
-          <span className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">
-            {t('testDataGenerator_sampleData')}
-          </span>
+          <span className="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{'示例数据'}</span>
        </div>
        <span className="text-[10px] text-muted-foreground/50 bg-muted px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded">
-          {Object.keys(sampleData).length} {t('testDataGenerator_fields')}
+          {Object.keys(sampleData).length} {'字段'}
        </span>
      </div>

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import { Copy, Download } from 'lucide-react';
 import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { DataExporter } from '@/utils/dataExporter';
 import type { GenerateResult } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';

@@ -15,8 +14,6 @@ interface ExportPanelProps {
 }

 export default function ExportPanel({ result }: ExportPanelProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
-
  if (!result?.data || result.data.length === 0) {
    return null;
  }
@@ -25,9 +22,9 @@ export default function ExportPanel({ result }: ExportPanelProps) {
    const content = DataExporter.toJSON(result.data!);
    const success = await DataExporter.copyToClipboard(content);
    if (success) {
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_copySuccess'));
+      toast.success('已复制到剪贴板');
    } else {
-      toast.error(t('testDataGenerator_copyFailed'));
+      toast.error('复制失败');
    }
  };

@@ -35,9 +32,9 @@ export default function ExportPanel({ result }: ExportPanelProps) {
    const content = DataExporter.toCSV(result.data!);
    const success = await DataExporter.copyToClipboard(content);
    if (success) {
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_copySuccess'));
+      toast.success('已复制到剪贴板');
    } else {
-      toast.error(t('testDataGenerator_copyFailed'));
+      toast.error('复制失败');
    }
  };

@@ -53,27 +50,27 @@ export default function ExportPanel({ result }: ExportPanelProps) {

  return (
    <div className="space-y-2">
-      <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{t('testDataGenerator_export')}</h4>
+      <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'导出数据'}</h4>

      <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
        <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={handleCopyJSON} className="h-9 gap-1.5">
          <Copy className="h-4 w-4" />
-          {t('testDataGenerator_copyJSON')}
+          {'复制 JSON'}
        </Button>

        <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={handleCopyCSV} className="h-9 gap-1.5">
          <Copy className="h-4 w-4" />
-          {t('testDataGenerator_copyCSV')}
+          {'复制 CSV'}
        </Button>

        <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={handleDownloadJSON} className="h-9 gap-1.5">
          <Download className="h-4 w-4" />
-          {t('testDataGenerator_downloadJSON')}
+          {'下载 JSON'}
        </Button>

        <Button variant="outline" size="sm" onClick={handleDownloadCSV} className="h-9 gap-1.5">
          <Download className="h-4 w-4" />
-          {t('testDataGenerator_downloadCSV')}
+          {'下载 CSV'}
        </Button>
      </div>
    </div>
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 */

 import { useState, useCallback } from 'react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';
 import { Switch } from '@/components/ui/switch';
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ interface FieldEditorProps {
 }

 export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: FieldEditorProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const generator = getGeneratorById(field.generatorId);
  const [nameError, setNameError] = useState<string | null>(null);

@@ -30,20 +28,20 @@ export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: Fie
    (name: string): string | null => {
      const trimmed = name.trim();
      if (!trimmed) {
-        return t('testDataGenerator_fieldNameEmpty');
+        return '字段名称不能为空';
      }
      if (!/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(trimmed)) {
-        return t('testDataGenerator_fieldNameInvalid');
+        return '字段名称只能包含字母、数字和下划线';
      }
      const isDuplicate = allFieldNames.some(
        (n, i) => n === trimmed && i !== allFieldNames.indexOf(field.name),
      );
      if (isDuplicate) {
-        return t('testDataGenerator_fieldNameDuplicate');
+        return '字段名称已存在';
      }
      return null;
    },
-    [allFieldNames, field.name, t],
+    [allFieldNames, field.name],
  );

  const handleNameChange = (name: string) => {
@@ -111,15 +109,13 @@ export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: Fie
      <div className="space-y-4">
        <div className="space-y-2">
          <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-            <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_fieldName')}
-            </Label>
+            <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'字段名称'}</Label>
            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{field.name.length}/20</span>
          </div>
          <Input
            value={field.name}
            onChange={(e) => handleNameChange(e.target.value)}
-            placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_fieldNamePlaceholder')}
+            placeholder={'请输入字段名称'}
            maxLength={20}
            className={`h-9 ${nameError ? 'border-destructive' : ''}`}
          />
@@ -128,9 +124,7 @@ export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: Fie

        <div className="space-y-2">
          <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-            <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_fieldDescription')}
-            </Label>
+            <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'字段描述'}</Label>
            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
              {(field.description || '').length}/50
            </span>
@@ -138,7 +132,7 @@ export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: Fie
          <Input
            value={field.description || ''}
            onChange={(e) => handleDescriptionChange(e.target.value)}
-            placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_fieldDescriptionPlaceholder')}
+            placeholder={'可选，添加字段说明'}
            maxLength={50}
            className="h-9"
          />
@@ -148,18 +142,14 @@ export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: Fie
      {/* 必填/选填配置 */}
      <div className="space-y-3">
        <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-          <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-            {t('testDataGenerator_required')}
-          </Label>
+          <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'必填'}</Label>
          <Switch checked={field.required} onCheckedChange={handleRequiredChange} />
        </div>

        {!field.required && (
          <div className="space-y-2 pl-1">
            <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-              <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                {t('testDataGenerator_nullRate')}
-              </span>
+              <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{'空值率'}</span>
              <Badge variant="secondary" className="text-xs">
                {field.nullRate}%
              </Badge>
@@ -199,26 +189,20 @@ export default function FieldEditor({ field, onChange, allFieldNames = [] }: Fie

      {/* 唯一性约束 */}
      <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
-        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-          {t('testDataGenerator_uniqueConstraint')}
-        </Label>
+        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'唯一性约束'}</Label>
        <Switch checked={field.unique} onCheckedChange={handleUniqueChange} />
      </div>

      {/* 生成器选择 */}
      <div className="space-y-2">
-        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-          {t('testDataGenerator_generator')}
-        </Label>
+        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'数据生成器'}</Label>
        <GeneratorSelector selectedId={field.generatorId} onChange={handleGeneratorChange} />
      </div>

      {/* 生成器参数配置 */}
      {generator && (
        <div className="space-y-2">
-          <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-            {t('testDataGenerator_generatorParams')}
-          </Label>
+          <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'生成器参数'}</Label>
          <GeneratorConfig
            generator={generator}
            params={field.params}
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 * 展示单个字段的基本信息，适配固定高度卡片
 */

-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { getGeneratorById } from '@/lib/generators';
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge';
 import type { FieldConfig } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ interface FieldItemProps {
 }

 export default function FieldItem({ field, onClick }: FieldItemProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const generator = getGeneratorById(field.generatorId);

  return (
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ export default function FieldItem({ field, onClick }: FieldItemProps) {
          )}
          {field.unique && (
            <Badge variant="outline" className="text-[10px] shrink-0 px-1 py-0 text-blue-500">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_unique')}
+              {'唯一'}
            </Badge>
          )}
        </div>
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { Dialog, DialogContent } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import * as ruleStorage from '@/utils/ruleStorage';
 import {
  DndContext,
@@ -123,7 +122,6 @@ export default function FieldList({
  editingRule,
  onRuleSaved,
 }: FieldListProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const [scrollTop, setScrollTop] = useState(0);
  const [activeId, setActiveId] = useState<string | null>(null);
  const containerRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
@@ -226,10 +224,10 @@ export default function FieldList({
    });

    if (updated) {
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_ruleUpdated'));
+      toast.success('规则已更新');
      onRuleSaved?.();
    }
-  }, [editingRule, fields, t, onRuleSaved]);
+  }, [editingRule, fields, onRuleSaved]);

  // 新建规则或另存为
  const handleSave = useCallback(
@@ -258,18 +256,18 @@ export default function FieldList({
        setShowConfirmOverwrite(false);
        setRuleName('');
        setRuleDescription('');
-        toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_ruleSaved'));
+        toast.success('规则已保存');
        onRuleSaved?.();
      }
    },
-    [ruleName, ruleDescription, fields, t, onRuleSaved],
+    [ruleName, ruleDescription, fields, onRuleSaved],
  );

  return (
    <div className="flex flex-col h-full">
      <div className="flex items-center justify-between mb-3">
        <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-          {t('testDataGenerator_fields')} ({fields.length}/{MAX_FIELDS})
+          {'字段'} ({fields.length}/{MAX_FIELDS})
        </h3>
        <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
          {editingRule ? (
@@ -280,10 +278,10 @@ export default function FieldList({
                onClick={handleUpdateRule}
                disabled={fields.length === 0}
                className="h-8 gap-1.5 px-2.5"
-                title={`${t('testDataGenerator_editing')}: ${editingRule.name}`}
+                title={`${'编辑中'}: ${editingRule.name}`}
              >
                <Save className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
-                {t('testDataGenerator_updateRule')}
+                {'更新规则'}
              </Button>
              <Button
                variant="ghost"
@@ -292,7 +290,7 @@ export default function FieldList({
                disabled={fields.length === 0}
                className="h-8 px-2"
              >
-                {t('testDataGenerator_saveAs')}
+                {'另存为'}
              </Button>
            </>
          ) : (
@@ -304,7 +302,7 @@ export default function FieldList({
              className="h-8 gap-1.5 px-2.5"
            >
              <Save className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
-              {t('testDataGenerator_saveRule')}
+              {'保存规则'}
            </Button>
          )}
          <Button
@@ -315,7 +313,7 @@ export default function FieldList({
            className="h-8 gap-1.5 px-2.5"
          >
            <Plus className="h-4 w-4" />
-            {t('testDataGenerator_addField')}
+            {'添加字段'}
          </Button>
        </div>
      </div>
@@ -324,10 +322,8 @@ export default function FieldList({
        {fields.length === 0 ? (
          <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center py-8 text-center">
            <GripVertical className="h-10 w-10 text-muted-foreground/40 mb-3" />
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{t('testDataGenerator_noFields')}</p>
-            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 mt-1">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_addFieldHint')}
-            </p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{'暂无字段'}</p>
+            <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground/70 mt-1">{'点击上方按钮添加第一个字段'}</p>
          </div>
        ) : (
          <DndContext
@@ -419,22 +415,22 @@ export default function FieldList({
            <Input
              value={ruleName}
              onChange={(e) => setRuleName(e.target.value)}
-              placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_ruleNamePlaceholder')}
+              placeholder={'规则名称'}
              className="h-9"
            />
            <Input
              value={ruleDescription}
              onChange={(e) => setRuleDescription(e.target.value)}
-              placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_ruleDescPlaceholder')}
+              placeholder={'规则描述（可选）'}
              className="h-9"
            />
          </div>
          <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 px-6 py-2 border-t shrink-0">
            <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => setShowSaveDialog(false)}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_cancel')}
+              {'取消'}
            </Button>
            <Button size="sm" onClick={() => handleSave()} disabled={!ruleName.trim()}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_confirm')}
+              {'确认'}
            </Button>
          </div>
        </DialogContent>
@@ -447,16 +443,14 @@ export default function FieldList({
          className="w-[calc(100vw-4rem)] max-w-[420px] p-0 pt-6 flex flex-col"
        >
          <div className="flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-6 pb-4">
-            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_ruleNameDuplicate')}
-            </p>
+            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">{'已存在同名规则，是否覆盖保存？'}</p>
          </div>
          <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 px-6 py-2 border-t shrink-0">
            <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => setShowConfirmOverwrite(false)}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_cancel')}
+              {'取消'}
            </Button>
            <Button size="sm" onClick={() => handleSave(true)}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_overwrite')}
+              {'覆盖'}
            </Button>
          </div>
        </DialogContent>
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@

 import { Play, Square } from 'lucide-react';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import type { GenerateProgress } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';

 interface GenerateButtonProps {
@@ -23,27 +22,20 @@ export default function GenerateButton({
  progress,
  disabled,
 }: GenerateButtonProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
-
  return (
    <div className="space-y-3">
      {isGenerating ? (
        <>
          <Button variant="destructive" onClick={onCancel} className="w-full h-11 gap-2">
            <Square className="h-5 w-5" />
-            {t('testDataGenerator_cancel')}
+            {'取消'}
          </Button>

          {/* 进度条 */}
          {progress && (
            <div className="space-y-2">
              <div className="flex items-center justify-between text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                <span>
-                  {t('testDataGenerator_progress', {
-                    current: progress.generated.toLocaleString(),
-                    total: progress.total.toLocaleString(),
-                  })}
-                </span>
+                <span>{'已生成 {{current}} / {{total}} 条'}</span>
                <span>{progress.progress}%</span>
              </div>
              <div className="h-2 bg-muted rounded-full overflow-hidden">
@@ -54,9 +46,7 @@ export default function GenerateButton({
              </div>
              {progress.estimatedTimeLeft !== undefined && (
                <p className="text-xs text-muted-foreground text-center">
-                  {t('testDataGenerator_estimatedTime', {
-                    time: Math.ceil(progress.estimatedTimeLeft / 1000),
-                  })}
+                  {'预计剩余 {{time}} 秒'}
                </p>
              )}
            </div>
@@ -65,7 +55,7 @@ export default function GenerateButton({
      ) : (
        <Button onClick={onClick} disabled={disabled} className="w-full h-11 gap-2">
          <Play className="h-5 w-5" />
-          {t('testDataGenerator_generate')}
+          {'生成数据'}
        </Button>
      )}
    </div>
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 * 配置生成数量、数据格式等选项
 */

-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { Label } from '@/components/ui/label';

@@ -27,15 +26,11 @@ export default function GenerateOptions({
  format,
  onFormatChange,
 }: GenerateOptionsProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
-
  return (
    <div className="space-y-4">
      {/* 生成数量 */}
      <div className="space-y-2">
-        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-          {t('testDataGenerator_count')}
-        </Label>
+        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'生成数量'}</Label>
        <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
          {COUNT_PRESETS.map((preset) => (
            <button
@@ -68,9 +63,7 @@ export default function GenerateOptions({

      {/* 数据格式 */}
      <div className="space-y-2">
-        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">
-          {t('testDataGenerator_format')}
-        </Label>
+        <Label className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground">{'数据格式'}</Label>
        <div className="flex gap-2">
          {FORMAT_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
            <button
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import {
  SelectTrigger,
  SelectValue,
 } from '@/components/ui/select';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import type { GeneratorDefinition } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';

 interface GeneratorConfigProps {
@@ -23,17 +22,12 @@ interface GeneratorConfigProps {
 }

 export default function GeneratorConfig({ generator, params, onChange }: GeneratorConfigProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const handleParamChange = (key: string, value: unknown) => {
    onChange({ ...params, [key]: value });
  };

  if (generator.params.length === 0) {
-    return (
-      <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground py-2">
-        {t('testDataGenerator_noGeneratorParams')}
-      </p>
-    );
+    return <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground py-2">{'此生成器无可配置参数'}</p>;
  }

  return (
@@ -71,9 +65,7 @@ export default function GeneratorConfig({ generator, params, onChange }: Generat
          {param.type === 'boolean' && (
            <div className="flex items-center justify-between">
              <span className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-                {params[param.key] !== false
-                  ? t('testDataGenerator_enabled')
-                  : t('testDataGenerator_disabled')}
+                {params[param.key] !== false ? '启用' : '禁用'}
              </span>
              <Switch
                checked={params[param.key] !== false}
@@ -116,7 +108,7 @@ export default function GeneratorConfig({ generator, params, onChange }: Generat
                    .filter(Boolean),
                )
              }
-              placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_commaSeparated')}
+              placeholder={'用逗号分隔多个值'}
              className="h-9"
            />
          )}
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import { useState } from 'react';
 import { Search, User, Briefcase, Code, Hash } from 'lucide-react';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { generatorCategories, getGeneratorsByCategory, searchGenerators } from '@/lib/generators';

 interface GeneratorSelectorProps {
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ const categoryIcons: Record<string, React.ComponentType<{ className?: string }>>
 };

 export default function GeneratorSelector({ selectedId, onChange }: GeneratorSelectorProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('');
  const [activeCategory, setActiveCategory] = useState<string>(generatorCategories[0]?.id || '');

@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ export default function GeneratorSelector({ selectedId, onChange }: GeneratorSel
        <Input
          value={searchQuery}
          onChange={(e) => setSearchQuery(e.target.value)}
-          placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_searchGenerator')}
+          placeholder={'搜索生成器...'}
          className="pl-9 h-9"
        />
      </div>
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 */

 import { CheckCircle, AlertTriangle, XCircle, Clock, Database } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import type { GenerateResult } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';

 interface ResultPanelProps {
@@ -12,8 +11,6 @@ interface ResultPanelProps {
 }

 export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
-
  if (!result) return null;

  const getStatusIcon = () => {
@@ -28,12 +25,12 @@ export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {

  const getStatusText = () => {
    if (result.success && (!result.warnings || result.warnings.length === 0)) {
-      return t('testDataGenerator_success');
+      return '生成成功';
    }
    if (result.success && result.warnings && result.warnings.length > 0) {
-      return t('testDataGenerator_partialSuccess');
+      return '部分成功';
    }
-    return t('testDataGenerator_failed');
+    return '生成失败';
  };

  return (
@@ -52,9 +49,7 @@ export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {
            <span className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground">
              {result.stats.total.toLocaleString()}
            </span>
-            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_totalCount')}
-            </span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{'总条数'}</span>
          </div>

          <div className="flex flex-col items-center p-2 rounded-lg bg-muted/30">
@@ -62,9 +57,7 @@ export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {
            <span className="text-lg font-semibold text-green-500">
              {result.stats.success.toLocaleString()}
            </span>
-            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_successCount')}
-            </span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{'成功'}</span>
          </div>

          <div className="flex flex-col items-center p-2 rounded-lg bg-muted/30">
@@ -72,7 +65,7 @@ export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {
            <span className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground">
              {(result.stats.duration / 1000).toFixed(2)}s
            </span>
-            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{t('testDataGenerator_duration')}</span>
+            <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">{'耗时'}</span>
          </div>
        </div>
      )}
@@ -82,9 +75,7 @@ export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {
        <div className="p-3 rounded-lg bg-yellow-500/10 border border-yellow-500/20">
          <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mb-2">
            <AlertTriangle className="h-4 w-4 text-yellow-500" />
-            <span className="text-sm font-medium text-yellow-500">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_warnings')}
-            </span>
+            <span className="text-sm font-medium text-yellow-500">{'警告'}</span>
          </div>
          <ul className="list-disc list-inside space-y-1">
            {result.warnings.slice(0, 5).map((warning, index) => (
@@ -93,9 +84,7 @@ export default function ResultPanel({ result }: ResultPanelProps) {
              </li>
            ))}
            {result.warnings.length > 5 && (
-              <li className="text-xs text-yellow-500/80">
-                ... {t('testDataGenerator_moreWarnings', { count: result.warnings.length - 5 })}
-              </li>
+              <li className="text-xs text-yellow-500/80">... {'还有 {{count}} 条警告'}</li>
            )}
          </ul>
        </div>
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button';
 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
 import { Dialog, DialogContent } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import * as ruleStorage from '@/utils/ruleStorage';
 import type { DataRule, FieldConfig } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';

@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ interface RuleManagerProps {
 }

 export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleManagerProps) {
-  const { t, i18n } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const [rules, setRules] = useState<DataRule[]>(() => ruleStorage.getAll());
  const [searchQuery, setSearchQuery] = useState('');
  const [debouncedSearchQuery, setDebouncedSearchQuery] = useState('');
@@ -64,9 +62,9 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
      onLoad(rule.fields);
      ruleStorage.recordUse(rule.id);
      loadRules();
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_ruleLoaded', { name: rule.name }));
+      toast.success(`已加载规则「${rule.name}」`);
    },
-    [onLoad, loadRules, t],
+    [onLoad, loadRules],
  );

  const handleDelete = useCallback(() => {
@@ -74,20 +72,20 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
    ruleStorage.deleteRule(ruleToDelete.id);
    loadRules();
    setRuleToDelete(null);
-    toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_ruleDeleted'));
+    toast.success('规则已删除');
    onRulesChanged?.();
-  }, [ruleToDelete, loadRules, t, onRulesChanged]);
+  }, [ruleToDelete, loadRules, onRulesChanged]);

  const handleDuplicate = useCallback(
    (id: string) => {
-      const result = ruleStorage.duplicate(id, t('testDataGenerator_ruleCopySuffix'));
+      const result = ruleStorage.duplicate(id, '（副本）');
      if (result) {
        loadRules();
-        toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_ruleDuplicated'));
+        toast.success('规则已复制');
        onRulesChanged?.();
      }
    },
-    [loadRules, t, onRulesChanged],
+    [loadRules, onRulesChanged],
  );

  const handleEdit = useCallback(
@@ -113,14 +111,14 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
      } finally {
        URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
      }
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_exportSuccess'));
+      toast.success('规则已导出');
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('[RuleManager] 导出失败:', error);
-      toast.error(t('testDataGenerator_exportFailed'));
+      toast.error('导出失败');
    } finally {
      setIsExporting(false);
    }
-  }, [t]);
+  }, []);

  const handleImport = useCallback(() => {
    const input = document.createElement('input');
@@ -136,11 +134,11 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
        const result = ruleStorage.importRules(text);

        if (result.success > 0) {
-          toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_importSuccess', { count: result.success }));
+          toast.success(`成功导入 ${result.success} 条规则`);
        }

        if (result.failed > 0) {
-          toast.error(t('testDataGenerator_importFailed', { count: result.failed }));
+          toast.error(`${result.failed} 条规则导入失败`);
          console.warn('[RuleManager] 导入警告:', result.errors);
        }

@@ -148,25 +146,22 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
        onRulesChanged?.();
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('[RuleManager] 导入失败:', error);
-        toast.error(t('testDataGenerator_importFailed'));
+        toast.error('规则导入失败');
      } finally {
        setIsImporting(false);
      }
    };
    input.click();
-  }, [loadRules, t, onRulesChanged]);
+  }, [loadRules, onRulesChanged]);

-  const formatDate = useCallback(
-    (timestamp: number) => {
-      return new Date(timestamp).toLocaleDateString(i18n.language || 'zh-CN', {
-        month: 'short',
-        day: 'numeric',
-        hour: '2-digit',
-        minute: '2-digit',
-      });
-    },
-    [i18n.language],
-  );
+  const formatDate = useCallback((timestamp: number) => {
+    return new Date(timestamp).toLocaleDateString('zh-CN', {
+      month: 'short',
+      day: 'numeric',
+      hour: '2-digit',
+      minute: '2-digit',
+    });
+  }, []);

  return (
    <div className="space-y-4">
@@ -178,15 +173,15 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
        >
          <div className="flex-1 overflow-y-auto px-6 pb-4">
            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-              {t('testDataGenerator_confirmDeleteDescription', { name: ruleToDelete?.name ?? '' })}
+              {ruleToDelete && `确定要删除规则「${ruleToDelete.name}」吗？此操作不可撤销。`}
            </p>
          </div>
          <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 px-6 py-2 border-t shrink-0">
            <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => setRuleToDelete(null)}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_cancel')}
+              {'取消'}
            </Button>
            <Button variant="destructive" size="sm" onClick={handleDelete}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_confirm')}
+              {'确认'}
            </Button>
          </div>
        </DialogContent>
@@ -206,7 +201,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
          ) : (
            <Upload className="h-4 w-4" />
          )}
-          {t('testDataGenerator_import')}
+          {'导入'}
        </Button>
        <Button
          variant="outline"
@@ -220,7 +215,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
          ) : (
            <Download className="h-4 w-4" />
          )}
-          {t('testDataGenerator_export')}
+          {'导出数据'}
        </Button>
      </div>

@@ -230,12 +225,12 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
        <Input
          value={searchQuery}
          onChange={(e) => setSearchQuery(e.target.value.slice(0, 20))}
-          placeholder={t('testDataGenerator_searchRules')}
+          placeholder={'搜索规则...'}
          className="pl-9 pr-24 h-9"
          maxLength={20}
        />
-        <span className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-xs text-muted-foreground pointer-events-none">
-          {t('testDataGenerator_ruleCount', { count: rules.length, max: 20 })}
+        <span className="absolute right-3 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-xs text-muted-foreground pointer-events-none tabular-nums">
+          {`已保存 ${rules.length}/${ruleStorage.MAX_RULES} 条`}
        </span>
      </div>

@@ -245,9 +240,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
          <div className="text-center py-6">
            <Tag className="h-8 w-8 text-muted-foreground/40 mx-auto mb-2" />
            <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
-              {debouncedSearchQuery
-                ? t('testDataGenerator_noSearchResults')
-                : t('testDataGenerator_noRules')}
+              {debouncedSearchQuery ? '未找到匹配的规则' : '暂无保存的规则'}
            </p>
          </div>
        ) : (
@@ -260,7 +253,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
                <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
                  <span className="font-medium text-sm text-foreground truncate">{rule.name}</span>
                  <span className="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
-                    {rule.fields.length} {t('testDataGenerator_fields')}
+                    {rule.fields.length} {'字段'}
                  </span>
                </div>
                {rule.description && (
@@ -273,7 +266,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
                    <Clock className="h-3 w-3" />
                    {formatDate(rule.updatedAt)}
                  </span>
-                  <span>{t('testDataGenerator_usedTimes', { count: rule.useCount })}</span>
+                  <span>{`使用 ${rule.useCount} 次`}</span>
                </div>
              </div>

@@ -283,7 +276,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
                  size="icon"
                  className="h-7 w-7"
                  onClick={() => handleLoad(rule)}
-                  title={t('testDataGenerator_load')}
+                  title={'加载'}
                >
                  <FolderOpen className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
                </Button>
@@ -292,7 +285,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
                  size="icon"
                  className="h-7 w-7"
                  onClick={() => handleEdit(rule)}
-                  title={t('testDataGenerator_edit')}
+                  title={'编辑'}
                >
                  <Edit className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
                </Button>
@@ -301,7 +294,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
                  size="icon"
                  className="h-7 w-7"
                  onClick={() => handleDuplicate(rule.id)}
-                  title={t('testDataGenerator_duplicate')}
+                  title={'复制'}
                >
                  <Copy className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
                </Button>
@@ -310,7 +303,7 @@ export default function RuleManager({ onLoad, onEdit, onRulesChanged }: RuleMana
                  size="icon"
                  className="h-7 w-7 text-destructive hover:text-destructive"
                  onClick={() => setRuleToDelete(rule)}
-                  title={t('testDataGenerator_delete')}
+                  title={'删除'}
                >
                  <Trash2 className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
                </Button>
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';

 // Mock dependencies
 vi.mock('@/utils/ruleStorage', () => ({
+  MAX_RULES: 20,
  getAll: vi.fn(() => []),
  save: vi.fn(),
  deleteRule: vi.fn(),
@@ -87,8 +88,7 @@ describe('RuleManager', () => {

    expect(defaultProps.onLoad).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockFields);
    expect(mockedRuleStorage.recordUse).toHaveBeenCalledWith('rule-1');
-    // Note: t() mock doesn't handle placeholders, so we just check it was called
-    expect(mockedToast.success).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(mockedToast.success).toHaveBeenCalledWith('已加载规则「Test Rule」');
  });

  it('should show delete confirmation dialog', async () => {
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ describe('RuleManager', () => {
    const deleteButton = screen.getByTitle('删除');
    await user.click(deleteButton);

-    expect(screen.getByText(/确定要删除规则/)).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByText('确定要删除规则「Test Rule」吗？此操作不可撤销。')).toBeInTheDocument();
  });

  it('should delete rule after confirmation', async () => {
@@ -178,6 +178,14 @@ describe('RuleManager', () => {
    vi.restoreAllMocks();
  });

+  it('should show saved rule count', () => {
+    mockedRuleStorage.getAll.mockReturnValue([mockRule]);
+
+    render(<RuleManager {...defaultProps} />);
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('已保存 1/20 条')).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
  it('should show field count for each rule', () => {
    mockedRuleStorage.getAll.mockReturnValue([mockRule]);

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@

 import { useState, useCallback, useRef, useEffect } from 'react';
 import { Settings, Database, Tag } from 'lucide-react';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import { useGenerator } from './hooks/useGenerator';
 import type { FieldConfig, GenerateResult, DataRule } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ import RuleManager from './components/RuleManager';
 type TabType = 'fields' | 'rules';

 export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('testDataGenerator');
  const { isGenerating, progress, result, error, generate, cancel, clearResult } = useGenerator();

  // 字段配置
@@ -52,11 +50,11 @@ export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
  useEffect(() => {
    if (result?.success && result.stats && result !== lastToastResultRef.current) {
      lastToastResultRef.current = result;
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_generateSuccess'), {
-        description: `${result.stats.total} ${t('testDataGenerator_records')}`,
+      toast.success('生成完成', {
+        description: `${result.stats.total} ${'条数据'}`,
      });
    }
-  }, [result, t]);
+  }, [result]);

  // 添加新字段
  const handleAddField = useCallback(() => {
@@ -132,9 +130,9 @@ export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
      setEditingRule(rule);
      setActiveTab('fields');
      clearResult();
-      toast.success(t('testDataGenerator_editingRule', { name: rule.name }));
+      toast.success('正在编辑规则「{{name}}」');
    },
-    [clearResult, t],
+    [clearResult],
  );

  // 保存规则成功后清除编辑状态
@@ -176,7 +174,7 @@ export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
                )}
              >
                <Settings className="h-4 w-4" />
-                {t('testDataGenerator_fieldConfig')}
+                {'字段配置'}
              </button>
              <button
                onClick={() => setActiveTab('rules')}
@@ -188,7 +186,7 @@ export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
                )}
              >
                <Tag className="h-4 w-4" />
-                {t('testDataGenerator_ruleManagement')}
+                {'规则管理'}
              </button>
            </div>

@@ -259,7 +257,7 @@ export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
            <div className="p-4 rounded-xl border border-border bg-card shadow-sm">
              <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-foreground mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
                <Database className="h-4 w-4" />
-                {t('testDataGenerator_dataPreview')}
+                {'数据预览'}
              </h3>
              <div className="h-[280px]">
                <DataPreview fields={fields} />
@@ -293,10 +291,10 @@ export default function TestDataGeneratorPage() {
          </div>
          <div className="flex justify-end gap-2 px-6 py-2 border-t shrink-0">
            <Button variant="ghost" size="sm" onClick={() => setIsEditorOpen(false)}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_cancel')}
+              {'取消'}
            </Button>
            <Button size="sm" onClick={() => setIsEditorOpen(false)}>
-              {t('testDataGenerator_done')}
+              {'完成'}
            </Button>
          </div>
        </DialogContent>
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 import TextInputArea from '@/components/TextInputArea';
 import { formatBytes } from '@/utils/format';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { useTextStatistics } from './useTextStatistics';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('textStatistics');
  const { text, stats, setText } = useTextStatistics();

  const statItems = [
-    { label: t('textStatistics:characters'), value: stats.characters },
-    { label: t('textStatistics:words'), value: stats.words },
-    { label: t('textStatistics:lines'), value: stats.lines },
-    { label: t('textStatistics:bytes'), value: formatBytes(stats.bytes) },
+    { label: '字符数', value: stats.characters },
+    { label: '单词数', value: stats.words },
+    { label: '行数', value: stats.lines },
+    { label: '字节大小', value: formatBytes(stats.bytes) },
  ];

  return (
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ export default function Index() {
      <TextInputArea
        value={text}
        onChange={setText}
-        placeholder={t('textStatistics:placeholder')}
+        placeholder={'在此输入或粘贴文本...'}
        minRows={10}
        maxRows={18}
        showClear={true}
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { toast } from 'sonner';
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
 import type { UnitType } from '../constants';
 import { msToUnit } from '../constants';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 interface LiveClockProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
@@ -13,8 +12,6 @@ interface LiveClockProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
 }

 export default function LiveClock({ unit, onUseNow, className, ...props }: LiveClockProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('timestamp');
-
  const [rawTime, setRawTime] = useState(() => Date.now());

  useEffect(() => {
@@ -36,7 +33,7 @@ export default function LiveClock({ unit, onUseNow, className, ...props }: LiveC
      {...props}
    >
      <span className="text-muted-foreground font-bold text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wider whitespace-nowrap shrink-0 selection:bg-transparent select-none">
-        {t('timestamp:currentTs')}
+        {'当前时间戳'}
      </span>

      <span className="flex-1 font-mono font-bold text-foreground text-sm tracking-tight leading-none truncate tabular-nums">
@@ -47,19 +44,15 @@ export default function LiveClock({ unit, onUseNow, className, ...props }: LiveC
        type="button"
        onClick={() => {
          onUseNow(rawTime);
-          toast.success(t('timestamp:usedSuccess'));
+          toast.success('已使用当前时间戳');
        }}
-        title={t('timestamp:useNowTooltip')}
+        title={'填充到下方'}
        className="flex h-7 w-7 items-center justify-center rounded-md border border-input bg-background text-muted-foreground shadow-sm hover:bg-accent hover:text-foreground focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-1 focus-visible:ring-ring"
      >
        <Clock className="w-3.5 h-3.5" />
      </button>

-      <CopyButton
-        text={text}
-        tooltip={t('timestamp:copyTsTooltip')}
-        className="h-7 w-7 rounded-md border"
-      />
+      <CopyButton text={text} tooltip={'复制时间戳'} className="h-7 w-7 rounded-md border" />
    </div>
  );
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import React from 'react';
 import { CopyButton } from '@/components/CopyButton';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 interface ResultViewProps extends React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement> {
@@ -14,8 +13,6 @@ export default function ResultView({
  className,
  ...props
 }: ResultViewProps) {
-  const { t } = useI18n('timestamp');
-
  if (!result) {
    if (!showEmptyPlaceholder) return null;
    return (
@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ export default function ResultView({
        )}
        {...props}
      >
-        {t('timestamp:resultEmpty')}
+        {'请输入并点击转换'}
      </div>
    );
  }
@@ -34,7 +31,7 @@ export default function ResultView({
  return (
    <div className={cn('flex flex-col w-full', className)} {...props}>
      <span className="block text-muted-foreground/90 mb-2.5 text-xs font-semibold tracking-wider uppercase">
-        {t('timestamp:resultLabel')}
+        {'转换结果'}
      </span>

      <div className="bg-card text-card-foreground border border-border p-4 sm:p-5 rounded-xl relative shadow-sm flex justify-between items-center gap-4 focus-within:ring-1 focus-within:ring-ring">
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ export default function ResultView({
        </span>
        <CopyButton
          text={result}
-          tooltip={t('timestamp:copyResultTooltip')}
+          tooltip={'复制结果'}
          className="h-8 w-8 rounded-md shrink-0 border"
        />
      </div>
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import type { ModeType, UnitType, ZoneType } from './constants';
 import LiveClock from './components/LiveClock';
 import ResultView from './components/ResultView';
 import { useTimestampConverter } from './useTimestampConverter';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';

 import { Input } from '@/components/ui/input';
@@ -17,18 +16,16 @@ import {
 } from '@/components/ui/select';

 const MODE_OPTIONS: { value: ModeType; label: string }[] = [
-  { value: 'ts2dt', label: 'timestamp:tsToDate' },
-  { value: 'dt2ts', label: 'timestamp:dateToTs' },
+  { value: 'ts2dt', label: '时间戳转日期' },
+  { value: 'dt2ts', label: '日期转时间戳' },
 ];

 const UNIT_OPTIONS: { value: UnitType; label: string }[] = [
-  { value: 'ms', label: 'timestamp:unitMs' },
-  { value: 's', label: 'timestamp:unitS' },
+  { value: 'ms', label: '毫秒' },
+  { value: 's', label: '秒' },
 ];

 export default function Index() {
-  const { t } = useI18n('timestamp');
-
  const {
    mode,
    input,
@@ -53,7 +50,7 @@ export default function Index() {
            <div className="flex flex-col gap-4">
              <SwitchButtonGroup
                value={mode}
-                options={MODE_OPTIONS.map((o) => ({ ...o, label: t(o.label) }))}
+                options={MODE_OPTIONS}
                onChange={setMode}
                size="small"
              />
@@ -61,9 +58,7 @@ export default function Index() {
              <div className="flex flex-col gap-1.5">
                <Input
                  type="text"
-                  placeholder={
-                    mode === 'ts2dt' ? t('timestamp:placeholderTs') : t('timestamp:placeholderDate')
-                  }
+                  placeholder={mode === 'ts2dt' ? '输入时间戳...' : 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss'}
                  value={input}
                  onChange={(e) => setInput(e.target.value)}
                  className={cn(
@@ -78,7 +73,7 @@ export default function Index() {
              <div className="flex flex-col sm:flex-row items-stretch gap-3 w-full">
                <SwitchButtonGroup
                  value={unit}
-                  options={UNIT_OPTIONS.map((o) => ({ ...o, label: t(o.label) }))}
+                  options={UNIT_OPTIONS}
                  onChange={setUnit}
                  size="small"
                  className="sm:w-auto shrink-0"
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import dayjs from '@/utils/dayjs';
 import type { UnitType, ZoneType, ModeType } from './constants';
 import { DATE_FORMAT, msToUnit, dayjsFromTimestamp } from './constants';
-import { useI18n } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
 import { useContextMenuData } from '@/utils/useContextMenuData';

 export interface UseTimestampConverterReturn {
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ function isTimestampLike(input: string): boolean {
 }

 export function useTimestampConverter(): UseTimestampConverterReturn {
-  const { t } = useI18n('timestamp');
  const [mode, setMode] = useState<ModeType>('ts2dt');
  const [unit, setUnit] = useState<UnitType>('ms');
  const [zone, setZone] = useState<ZoneType>('Asia/Shanghai');
@@ -43,22 +41,22 @@ export function useTimestampConverter(): UseTimestampConverterReturn {
    if (mode === 'ts2dt') {
      const num = Number(rawInput);
      if (isNaN(num)) {
-        return { result: '', error: t('timestamp:errors.invalidNumber') };
+        return { result: '', error: '请输入有效数字' };
      }
      const d = dayjsFromTimestamp(num, unit);
      if (!d.isValid()) {
-        return { result: '', error: t('timestamp:errors.invalidTimestamp') };
+        return { result: '', error: '无效时间戳' };
      }
      return { result: d.tz(zone).format(DATE_FORMAT), error: '' };
    } else {
      const d = dayjs.tz(rawInput, DATE_FORMAT, zone);
      if (!d.isValid()) {
-        return { result: '', error: t('timestamp:errors.invalidFormat') };
+        return { result: '', error: '无效的日期格式' };
      }
      const ms = d.valueOf();
      return { result: String(msToUnit(ms, unit)), error: '' };
    }
-  }, [input, mode, unit, zone, t]);
+  }, [input, mode, unit, zone]);

  const handleContextMenuData = (payload: string) => {
    const trimmed = payload.trim();
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * chrome.i18n 类型安全 wrapper
- * 提供与 react-i18next 兼容的接口
- */
-
-/**
- * 获取翻译文本
- * @param msgId 翻译 key（如 'timestamp_pageTitle'）
- * @param substitutions 占位符替换值（可选）
- * @returns 翻译后的文本
- */
-export function getMessage(msgId: string, substitutions?: string[]): string {
-  try {
-    return chrome.i18n.getMessage(msgId, substitutions);
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.warn(`[chrome.i18n] 无法获取翻译: ${msgId}`, error);
-    return msgId; // 回退到 key 本身
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * react-i18next 兼容的 Hook
- * 返回 t 函数和相关信息
- */
-export function useI18n(namespace?: string | string[]) {
-  const namespaces = Array.isArray(namespace) ? namespace : namespace ? [namespace] : [];
-
-  const t = (key: string, options?: Record<string, unknown>): string => {
-    // 统一将分隔符转换为下划线，兼容 'namespace:key.path' 和 'key.path' 两种写法
-    const msgId = key.replace(':', '_').replace(/\./g, '_');
-
-    // 先尝试直接查找 key
-    let message = getMessage(msgId);
-
-    // 如果直接查找未命中（空字符串或返回 key 本身），尝试命名空间前缀（使用转换后的 msgId）
-    if ((!message || message === msgId) && namespaces.length > 0) {
-      for (const ns of namespaces) {
-        const candidate = `${ns}_${msgId}`;
-        const result = getMessage(candidate);
-        if (result !== candidate) {
-          message = result;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (options) {
-      for (const [placeholder, value] of Object.entries(options)) {
-        message = message.replace(`{{${placeholder}}}`, String(value));
-      }
-    }
-
-    return message;
-  };
-
-  return {
-    t,
-    i18n: {
-      language: 'zh',
-      changeLanguage: (_lng?: string) => {
-        // chrome.i18n 无法动态切换语言，需要刷新页面
-        console.warn('[chrome.i18n] 无法动态切换语言，需要刷新页面');
-        return Promise.resolve();
-      },
-    },
-    isLoaded: true,
-  };
-}
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 * JWT 解析工具
 */

-import { getMessage } from '@/utils/chromeI18n';
-
 interface JwtHeader {
  alg: string;
  typ?: string;
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ export function decodeBase64Url(str: string): string {
  const pad = base64.length % 4;
  if (pad) {
    if (pad === 1) {
-      throw new Error(getMessage('jwt_errors_invalidBase64String'));
+      throw new Error('无效的 Base64URL 字符串');
    }
    base64 += new Array(5 - pad).join('=');
  }
@@ -58,10 +56,9 @@ export function decodeBase64Url(str: string): string {
    const decoder = new TextDecoder('utf-8');
    return decoder.decode(bytes);
  } catch (e) {
-    throw new Error(
-      getMessage('jwt_errors_failedToDecode') + (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)),
-      { cause: e },
-    );
+    throw new Error('Base64 解码失败: ' + (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e)), {
+      cause: e,
+    });
  }
 }

@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ export function parseJwt(token: string): JwtResult {
      payload: null,
      signature: '',
      raw: { header: '', payload: '', signature: '' },
-      error: getMessage('jwt_errors_invalidFormat'),
+      error: 'JWT 格式无效：应包含 3 个部分（header.payload.signature）',
    };
  }

@@ -98,8 +95,7 @@ export function parseJwt(token: string): JwtResult {
    const headerJson = decodeBase64Url(headerB64);
    result.header = JSON.parse(headerJson);
  } catch (e) {
-    result.error =
-      getMessage('jwt_errors_parseHeaderFailed') + (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
+    result.error = 'JWT Header 解析失败: ' + (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
    return result;
  }

@@ -107,8 +103,7 @@ export function parseJwt(token: string): JwtResult {
    const payloadJson = decodeBase64Url(payloadB64);
    result.payload = JSON.parse(payloadJson);
  } catch (e) {
-    result.error =
-      getMessage('jwt_errors_parsePayloadFailed') + (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
+    result.error = 'JWT Payload 解析失败: ' + (e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e));
    return result;
  }

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import type { DataRule, FieldConfig } from '@/types/testDataGenerator';
 const STORAGE_KEY = 'testDataGenerator_rules';

 /** 最大规则数量 */
-const MAX_RULES = 20;
+export const MAX_RULES = 20;

 /**
 * 获取所有规则
@@ -20,6 +20,15 @@ const CLEAN_OPTION_KEYS: (keyof StorageCleanerOptions)[] = [
  'serviceWorkers',
 ];

+const OPTION_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
+  localStorage: 'Local Storage',
+  sessionStorage: 'Session Storage',
+  indexedDB: '站点存储',
+  cookies: 'Cookies',
+  cacheStorage: 'Cache Storage',
+  serviceWorkers: 'Service Workers',
+};
+
 export async function getCurrentTab() {
  // For popup pages, we need to get the active tab from the browser window that triggered the popup.
  // We should ONLY care about the currently active tab in the last focused window.
@@ -362,22 +371,19 @@ export async function clearStorage(
  return result;
 }

-export function formatCleaningResult(
-  result: CleaningResult,
-  t: (key: string, options?: Record<string, unknown>) => string,
-): string {
+export function formatCleaningResult(result: CleaningResult): string {
  const parts: string[] = [];

  for (const key of CLEAN_OPTION_KEYS) {
    const r = result[key];
    if (r?.success && r.count > 0) {
-      parts.push(`${r.count} ${t(`storageCleaner:options.${key}`)}`);
+      parts.push(`${r.count} ${OPTION_LABELS[key] || key}`);
    }
  }

  if (parts.length === 0) {
-    return t('storageCleaner:noDataToClean');
+    return '该页面没有可清理的存储数据';
  }

-  return t('storageCleaner:cleanedSummary', { items: parts.join(', ') });
+  return `清理了 ${parts.join(', ')}`;
 }
@@ -1,41 +1,6 @@
 import '@testing-library/jest-dom';
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest';
 import React from 'react';
-import zhMessages from './public/_locales/zh_CN/messages.json';
-
-// Type assertion to allow string indexing
-const zhMessagesMap = zhMessages as Record<string, { message: string }>;
-
-vi.mock('@/utils/chromeI18n', () => ({
-  useI18n: (ns?: string | string[]) => ({
-    t: (key: string) => {
-      let msgId = key;
-      // Handle namespace:key format
-      if (key.includes(':')) {
-        msgId = key.replace(':', '_').replace(/\./g, '_');
-      }
-      // Try direct key first
-      if (zhMessagesMap[msgId]) return zhMessagesMap[msgId].message;
-      // Try namespace prefix (using converted msgId)
-      if (ns) {
-        const namespaces = Array.isArray(ns) ? ns : [ns];
-        for (const n of namespaces) {
-          const candidate = `${n}_${msgId}`;
-          if (zhMessagesMap[candidate]) return zhMessagesMap[candidate].message;
-        }
-      }
-      return msgId;
-    },
-    i18n: {
-      changeLanguage: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
-      language: 'zh',
-    },
-    isLoaded: true,
-  }),
-  getMessage: (msgId: string) => zhMessagesMap[msgId]?.message ?? msgId,
-  getLanguage: () => 'zh',
-  preloadNamespaces: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
-}));

 vi.mock('@/components/CopyButton', () => ({
  CopyButton: ({
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ export default defineConfig({
    name: 'Testing Tool',
    description: 'A tool for testing web applications.',
    version_name: undefined,
-    default_locale: 'zh_CN',
    permissions: [
      'storage',
      'clipboardWrite',
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
      '128': 'icon/128.png',
    },
    action: {
-      default_title: '__MSG_appName__',
+      default_title: 'Testing Tool',
      default_icon: {
        '16': 'icon/16.png',
        '32': 'icon/32.png',